C.S. Lewis and His Theology on Jesus Essay -- believe, church, christian

‘What are we to make of Christ?’ There is no doubt of what we can think about Him, it is completely an issue of what He means to think about us. You should acknowledge or dismiss the story,† (Lewis, 8). C.S. Lewis was a man who trusted in Jesus, the Trinity, and making it known through his activities and his words that changed Christianity and its religious philosophy all in all. In the start of his excursion, C.S. Lewis accepted that God was one major puzzle. Jesus was not in the image, and God was only some outside name. In the same way as other of us, we can move toward God as an unopened present covered up in a storage room. In the event that we take a look, we will see that it is there. On the off chance that we don't, we won't realize except if we find out about it. There are times when you consider checking it however don't. There are additionally times you take a look and forget about it. Be that as it may, in some cases, you check it, open it, and get energized extremely energized, yet we don't know whether we should open it. He battled with Atheism as much as he did Christianity. He decided to stay with what he needed to know a greater amount of Atheism. Lewis had an absence of faith in the presence of Jesus of God or any of it. At some point, everything changed. Lewis composed in Surprised by Joy, I didn't have the foggiest idea what I was giving myself access for. A youngster who wishes to stay a sound Atheist can't be excessively cautious about his perusing. There are traps everywhere.... God is, on the off chance that I may state it, very unscrupulous,† (37). Corrupt, which means having or indicating no ethical standards; not legit or reasonable (Webster), his view on God was missing and slanted. He needed to proceed with his young life being an Atheist even amidst realizing God had his hand on his life whether he needed to let it be known or not. Our culturd a similar significance to the encounters, (BBC). By and large, C.S. Lewis’ convictions in God were fantastically genuine, crude, and legit. He roused others to make sense of who God was to them, and who God is to us. He tested the individuals around him. Alluding C.S. Lewis to culture now and in spite of the fact that he has taken a break back, his accounts live on for devotees and non-adherents. Generally known for his Chronicles of Narnia arrangement, he has opened up eyes of numerous individuals. His religious philosophy and heart crash to keep indicating God’s name and face any place you go. Regardless of whether you accept or not, you know who C.S. Lewis is. A mind blowing life lived, and an unfathomable inheritance that lives on. His faith in God and the Trinity, and his amazing message to the world through the intensity of his words will keep on testing devotees and non-adherents to carry on with a real existence loaded up with inconceivable reason.

Methods of Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Techniques for Motivation - Essay Example There are two kinds of inspiration characteristic and outward. Outward inspiration suggests an instrumental connection between social outcomes and wanted results. The individual isn't fundamentally intrigued by his/her very conduct, yet specifically in the result that outcomes from it. Whoever needs to get a commendation from a particular someone, as a byproduct of which some work must be done (like finishing homework at home), isn't centered around those undertakings, yet on the acknowledgment she or he hopes to get from performing admirably. Inborn inspiration comprises of the emotions appended to or coming about because of performing determined exercises. In this manner, inherently inspired individuals would be fulfilled, glad, have a good time, favor the things they do, etc (Armstrong, 2003). Accomplishment inspiration hypothesis (McClelland) affirms that greatest inspiration will happen at moderate degrees of trouble when the motivating force estimation of achievement is most noteworthy. Two issues with that model are the inability to incorporate an express objective setting stage as well as the inability to quantify pledge to succeeding. These elements are pivotal to anticipating the person's reaction to emotional likelihood gauges. In any case, the incentive for accomplishment, a cognizant intention that isn't connected with n ach, has been seen as essentially identified with objective decision (Fulton, Maddock, 1998). One of the soonest and the most well known speculations of inspiration was created by Abraham H. Maslow. His Chain of importance of requirements' hypothesis depends on five needs: (1) mental (hunger, thirst), (2) wellbeing (assurance), (3) social (be acknowledged, have a place with a specific gathering), (4) regard (fearlessness, accomplishments, regard, status, acknowledgment), and (5) self-realization (understanding one's potential for proceeded with self-advancement). Though needs and (subliminal) thought processes are pivotal to a full comprehension of human activity, they are a few stages expelled from activity itself (Robbins, 2002). Objective setting hypothesis is chances with anticipation hypothesis, which was first brought into modern authoritative brain research by Vroom in 1964. This hypothesis states that, taking everything into account, hope of progress (which is contrarily identified with objective trouble) is emphatically identified with execution. In any case, as demonstrated later, objective setting hypothesis and hope hypothesis can be completely accommodated. Objective setting hypothesis moves toward the clarification of execution uniquely in contrast to that of thought process or need speculations, for example, those of McClelland and Maslow. It at that point worked in reverse from that point to figure out what causes objectives and what makes them compelling. Interestingly, need and rationale hypotheses began with progressively remote and general (regularly subliminal) controllers and attempted to work forward to activity, for the most part disregarding explicit and cognizant variables (Fulton, Mad dock, 1998). Value hypothesis (John Stacey Adams, 1963-1965) attests that pay will carry fulfillment to the extent that it is viewed as reasonable or impartial. Value decisions will be founded on the passed judgment on proportion of the person's yields and contributions to correlation with the yield/input proportion of individuals to whom the individual looks at oneself. In the event that pay is viewed as unjust, along these lines creating disappointment, individuals will find a way to reestablish value by adjusting the amount or nature of

Brand Management Across Geographic Boundaries and Market Segments Essay

Apple’s consolation of separation between item plans and its advancement of mystery around new item dispatches elevates the Apple persona. These make the Apple â€Å"halo effect,† where a purchaser of one Apple item has a high likelihood of coming back to Apple for different items also. Apple’s has stressed its one of a kind retail locations through structure for a few of its leader areas just as fitting the retail experience to incorporate item â€Å"test drives†, classes and workshops equipped showing clients its items. With generally light nearness in lower-edge, higher-development geographic territories, Apple will encounter less of its corona impact and decreased item/brand acknowledgment, bringing down deals potential. With China and India assessed to make up about 66% of PC advertise development through 2010, this could be a huge test for Apple. Rivalry Against the Mac: Apple’s position is improving in the overall PC showcase; the Mac despite everything speaks to a little portion of the general PC advertise. Apple appreciates an interesting favorable position of having something of a specialty advertise without expecting to contend straightforwardly with Hewlett-Packard Company (HPQ) and (DELL) and Microsoft (MSFT) working frameworks for big business underwriting. Against the iPod: Although Apple remains the business chief in PMPs, the opposition is making critical additions. The prevalence of blaze based PMPs is dangerous for Apple, which has a lot more grounded showcase nearness in hard-drive based (HDD) players. To battle this, Apple may discharge another glimmer based line of players. Macintosh in the Living Room Apple’s iPod and iTunes are a ground-breaking mix that encourages a system style of expanding returns. By selling iPods, Apple expands the customer interest for music from iTunes. By setting increasingly melodic decisions on iTunes there is more interest for iPods. Apple is going for the advanced lounge room of things to come. For instance, Apple just discharged a â€Å"boom box† convenient form of the iPod. This accompanies a remote control. Apple is unmistakably attempting to build up a more grounded center competency in the amusement region. Style at a Premium Apple’s items are in vogue and a la mode. After Jobs returned in 1997, Apple held a unique architect called Jonathan Ive to separate their PCs. Ive’s structure of the iMac included clear brilliant cases that recognized Apple PCs. Mac positions its Macintosh PCs as higher caliber and more significant expense. HP, Dell, and other PC makers are evaluating numerous frameworks. In spite of the fact that the Mac Mini is a base model with not many highlights, it arrives in a little and particular bundle. Macintosh depicts this PC as â€Å"Small is Beautiful†. (Macintosh) Likewise, the iPod Shuffle was Apple’s first passage of blaze memory-based versatile music players. Apple and the Digital Lifestyle Apple not just overwhelms the music player advertise, its iLife suite gives purchasers simple to-utilize programming for music and video sythesis. With â€Å"podcast† a family unit word, Apple’s Garage Band application makes the chronicle of web recordings and music exceptionally simple. Working Segments Apple breaks its deals into five â€Å"operating segments†. The outline underneath shows the deals by portion for every year 2002-2005. On a rate premise, just the retail portion seems, by all accounts, to be outflanking the others. Separation Apple spearheaded the PDA advertise by presenting the Newton in 1993. Afterward, Apple acquainted the simple with use iMac in 1998, and refreshes following 1998. In 2001, Apple hit another significant chronicled point by propelling iTunes. This denoted the start of Apple’s new methodology of making the Mac the center point for the â€Å"digital lifestyle†. Apple at that point opened its own stores, regardless of fights by free. At that point Apple presented the iPod, integral to the â€Å"digital lifestyle† methodology. Philip W. Schiller, VP of Worldwide Product Marketing for Apple, expressed, â€Å"iPod is going to change the manner in which individuals tune in to music.† He was correct. Apple proceeded with their inventive streak with progressions in level board LCDs for work areas in 2002 and improved note pads in 2003. In 2003, Apple discharged the iLife bundle, containing improved adaptations of iDVD, iMovie, iPhoto, and iTunes. Apple proceeded with its computerized way of life technique by propelling iTunes Music Store online in 2003, In 2003, Apple discharged the world’s quickest PC (Mac G5).

The Mass-marketing of Working Class Culture :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Mass-advertising of Working Class Culture The trends of the dad are visited on the child: we've all perceived how grown-up crazes are offered down to youngsters. We've perceived how freight pants have streamed down, gratitude to the Gap, Baby Gap, and Old Navy (all partnerships possessed by The Limited, Inc.). Load pants have consistently been a secret to me. The appealing thing about them is capacity (which I'll get to later), flatness and individual appearance. I just viewed as wearing freight pants since they'd shroud how thick my thighs are. What's more, they're beige and exhausting - they in this manner go with anything. I likewise don't comprehend this interest with looking common laborers (In an ongoing duplicate of Vogue, there were elegant, extravagant forms of logger apparel). There's literally nothing amiss with that and I would prefer not to seem like an elitist, since I'm in no way, shape or form not average workers. I simply wonder why this a pattern, why salaried specialists need to seem as though they work with their hands. In any case, this interest with capacity, with having such a significant number of items presents an issue. Freight pants were planned so laborers could basically wear their tool kit. The present children wearing load pants needn't bother with that space for mallets and nails. To abstain from recognizing that payload pants are a senseless pattern, wearers unwittingly try to fill their pockets. As Lacan may state, void pockets help us to remember our needs. Load pants just support the careless. The Gap, similar to some other entrepreneur enterprise, needs shoppers to go through gobs of cash. Giving more extra room in some jeans takes into consideration kids and youngsters to go through significantly more cash filling them. What the Gap has done is changed the significance of load pants. It is a redefinition: the present freight pants wearers aren't workers, they're spenders. Isn't that a heavenly thing, the Gap may ask us. It's a method of indicating how the privileged has consistently ventured everywhere throughout the lower class, taking what parts of its way of life it prefers and disposing of the people in question. We've seen this again and again, yet it normally has been a race's way of life that has been utilized while the people are viewed as inane by the decision classes. This is occurring again today with Latin culture. White culture takes what not many things it loves (in particular Jennifer Lopez and Ricky Martin, perhaps a salsa beat, and some Tex-Mex food), and praises it as all Latin culture brings to the table, disregarding banters about the Latinness of such viewpoints at any rate.

Competition Policy and a Single European Market Research Paper

Rivalry Policy and a Single European Market - Research Paper Example Being an individual from the European EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) might be characterized based on four perspectives. To begin with, the individuals are characterized by a solitary money. Besides, they appreciate a typical money related approach, however they likewise share comparable financing costs. At that point there is the issue of spending deficiency limits, which for this situation has been set at 3 percent of a part country’s GDP. At long last, individuals appreciate capital; advertise mix. Talk has been overflowing that CEECs (Central and Eastern European Countries) may enroll for participation of EMU. Nonetheless, there are a couple of components that obstruct such a move. These nations are poor, with low pay and pay worker. They have low populaces, and their economy may, best case scenario be supposed to be transient. Moreover, they are additionally mechanically unique, comparative with the EMU nations. If the CEECs become EMU individuals. Odds are that value, pay and cost straightforwardness of mechanical items might be experienced (Oudenaren 2005). Moreover, there will never again be a market boundary that exists between EMU individuals and non-EMU individuals (Ackerman 2006). This as a result will prompt an extended market to East and Central Europe. Beyond question, the possibility of CEECs joining EMU will have extensive repercussions. First of all, we might just observer an ascent in movement to west EU, due to the accessibility of better-paying occupations and everyday environments. Then again, the danger of working together could too build, in light of the mechanical contrasts in working together between, from one perspective, the CEECs and then again, the nations in west EU (Oudenaren 2005).

Fall 2016 Transfer Consideration Level Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Summer/Fall 2016 Transfer Consideration Level Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Summer/Fall 2016 Transfer Consideration Level Update When the Summer/Fall Transfer application opened up a few weeks ago, the consideration level for admission for applicants with 60 or more hours was changed from a 2.80 to a 3.00 GPA. This was done in an effort to make sure we could control the size of the entering transfer class, and to make sure we had enough space on campus for all entering students. After a review of this change by both admissions and the administration, it was determined that we would not implement this new consideration level for Summer and Fall of 2016, and so we will revert back to a 2.80 for applicants with 60 or more transferable hours for these two terms. There is a good chance that we will shift the consideration levels for future terms beyond Fall 2016, but I cannot estimate that situation at this time.

Introduction To Islamic Capital Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Islamic financial system is a real economic activity based financial systems. It is a part of a broader Islamic economic system that deals with the questions of allocation of resources, production and change of goods and services and distribution of wealth in fair, equitable and socially beneficial ways. It is part of a consistent and integrated framework which considered finance as a supporting factor in the smooth functioning of real economic activity and in carrying out of the social goods as defined by the objectives of Shariah. In this system, finance does not exist for the finance per se. Therefore financing itself is not allowed to be an income generating activity unless it is combined with some real economic activity and involves taking the requisite risks associated with it. The nature of Islamic finance is aptly summarized by Shamshad Akhtar, Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan, at Georgetown University on October 18, 2007. Islamic economic system is accompanied by a rich and elaborate set of tenets, which among others, recognize the right to property supported by elaborate obligations of stakeholders, principles and rules of conduct, a contract system and institutional framework and procedures for enforcement of rules which all together lay the foundation for Islamic business and financial architecture. It is this substantive Islamic ideology and legal framework; governed by Shari ah injunctions and principles that have translated into defining the public and private economic and social affairs that eventually help frame the business and financial relations. The core of these relationships is baked by solid principles of contracts, rights and obligations for parties to the contractual arrangements. The main driver of enforcement of contract and rules- compliance in Islamic system is ideology and faith which is in turn influenced by Islams emphasis on establishing an equitable, ethical, just and fair socio-economic system. It is this feature which shapes Islamic finance and also distinguishes it from the conventional finance. This clear understanding of the objective and nature of Islamic financial system (i.e. justice and close link to real economic activity) is essential for taking any further steps towards the development of Islamic financial sub-sectors, be it Islamic capital market, Islamic banking sector or the insurance sector. In this chapter we will start from the introduction of Islamic capital market and would also highlight some of the challenges faced in the development of it. We will then venture into the origins and the growth of this Islamic version of capital market and then extend our voyage to the overview of it briefly discussing the products already on offer in this young and fast growing market. Further discussions on the continued growth in this sector will make-up the concluding part of this chapter. 1.2. Islamic Capital Market. Over the past decade or so Islamic financial sector has grown gained strength by creation of various support and infrastructure institutions, and expanded from being a banking-based industry to more wider areas incorporating financial market-based products and practices. As a result, Islamic financial markets have become probably the fastest growing sector in the Islamic finance industry. A number of innovative products, instruments and practices have been added that allow a larger range of risk-return combination to suit a wider investor base. There is no unique measure to gauge this increased significance of capital markets in the Islamic finance, however a number of facts point to its fast growth. Like any capital market, the primary function of Islamic capital market too is to allow people, companies, and governments with surplus funds to transfer them to people, companies, or governments who need funds. The Islamic capital market functions as a parallel market to the conventional capital market for capital seekers and providers. The Islamic capital market attracts funds from outside as well as inside the market. The international sources might include high-net-worth individuals, predominantly Muslims from the oil-rich countries, and others involved in the corporate and business sector. The Islamic capital market does not prohibit participation by non- Muslims, which has increased the growth potential for Islamic products. Little, if any, consensus exists about the size of the Islamic capital market. Cerulli Associates has estimated the market value of Shariah-compliant assets at year-end 2008 to be US$65 billion, a figure much smaller than often estimated. This amount does not include the market capitalization of equities that are not specifically Islamic but in which Islamic financial institutions are permitted to invest (because the business activities of the companies are Shariah compliant). Standard Poors (SP) estimated that as of the third quarter 2008, roughly US$5.2 trillion in market value of Shariah-compliant equities was lost as a result of the global financial crisis that unfolded in 2008. If approximately 40 percent of market value disappeared during the crisis, by inference the current market value would be in the range of US$6 trillion to US$7 trillion. In contrast, as noted, some analysts estimate Islamic banking assets to range between US$500 billion and US$700 billion and expect bank assets to rise to US$1 trillion in 2010 (Morgan Stanley 2008). Banks have yet to move most of these deposits into managed investments. If the banks require Shariah-compliant products for such investments, the implication is that the Islamic capital market has significant potential for continued growth. 1.3. Origin and Growth of the Islamic Capital Market. Although the origins of contemporary Islamic banking and finance may be traced to the early 1960s, the first wave of oil revenues did not wash over the Middle East until the 1970s, when the idea of investing in products conforming to Islamic principles really gained momentum. Individuals in the region began to accumulate large amounts of wealth by the 1980s and began to seek Shariah-compliant financial products in which to invest their savings. Western banks began servicing. Muslim clients through their Islamic windows were quickly joined in the marketplace by newly organized Islamic banks eager to participate in the growing faith-based demand for Shariah-compliant financial products. As of the end of 2008, the Islamic capital market has largely resulted from retail, not institutional, demand (De Ramos 2009). Institutional demand has developed, however, as Islamic banks and takaful (Islamic insurance) operators have sought to invest their surplus funds in Shariah-compliant instruments that are liquid and have long-term maturities to match the long-term liabilities of these institutions. Through the 1990s, Islamic banking deposits sufficed to provide the capital demanded by the Islamic financial markets, but demand for funds was quickly outstripping the supply of funds. New Islamic financial products that could compete with the flexibility and innovation of conventional financial products were needed, but two factors hindered the ability of the Islamic capital market to deliver such products. The first was that the conventional financial markets were developing with tremendous speed and in many different directions. Challenge to adapt these new products to Shariah, the Islamic financial markets struggled to maintain a competitive pace. The second factor slowing the pace of Islamic capital market development was the conflict surrounding interpretation of what constitutes Shariah compliance (Iqbal and Tsubota 2006; Khan 2006). Yet, for the Islamic capital market to achieve sustainability, finding new and competitive products was imperative. Deregulation in several Muslim nations opened the door to the creation of two products largely responsible for the serious growth of the Islamic capital market-Shariah-compliant equity funds and sukuk (Islamic bonds) (Iqbal and Tsubota 2006; Khan 2006). Since 1999, the Islamic capital market has attracted non-Muslim as well as Muslim issuers and investors, and it now includes numerous products that can replicate the returns and characteristics of conventional financial products. In addition to equity and bond products, the market has expanded to include exchange-traded funds, derivatives, swaps, unit trusts, real estate investment trusts (REITs), commodity funds, and a range of Islamic indices and index products. The Islamic capital market comprises active primary and secondary markets that deal in the Islamic products described in this section. 1.4. Overview of the Islamic Capital Market. Not all the financial products discussed in this overview are acceptable to all Muslim investors. The controversy over what is and what is not Shariah compliant is a by-product of the existence of different schools of Islamic thought. No single body is currently in place to mediate these differences of opinion. 1.4.1. The Islamic Equity Market. Islamic equities are shares of halal companies-that is, securities of companies operating in activities permissible under Shariah principles and approved and periodically reviewed by Shariah scholars through a process known as Islamic stock screening. For a company to be considered halal, the majority of its revenues must be primarily derived from activities other than the trading of alcohol, arms, tobacco, pork, pornography, or gambling or from profits associated with charging interest on loans. The determination of Shariah compliance rests with the judgment of Islamic scholars. In Malaysia, one of the most innovative providers of financial products, the body of Islamic scholars is the Malaysia Securities Commission Shariah Advisory Council (SAC). Malaysia is one of only a few nations that have established a single governing body for this purpose. Other nations decision making regarding Shariah screening procedures is much more fragmented. The SAC has enumerated detailed criteria to be used in screening companies for compliance with Islamic principles. The SAC states that non-halal activities include manufacturing and trading of non-halal goods; banking and financing involving interest or usury; hotels and resorts involved in the sale of liquor or alcoholic beverages; gambling or related activities; and activities involving elements of uncertainty (gharar). The Islamic equity investment market is growing at a much faster rate than the overall Islamic sector as a whole because it started from a lower base. The total of funds under management in the Islamic finance sector is estimated at US$1 trillion. Only about an estimated US$20 billion of this is in equities, which is modest in comparison with the conventional equity sector. Global conventional equities are about US$20 trillion, even after the crash (Parker 2008). Malaysia is seen as aggressive in listing Islamic equities; more than 80 percent of the stocks listed on the Bursa Malaysia are classified as Shariah-approved by the SAC. These securities have a total market capitalization of 426.4 billion Malaysian ringgits (RM), or US$129 billion, which is 64.2 percent of the total Malaysian stock market as of December 2008 (Ngadimon 2009). In Kuwait, Islamic and Shariah compliant companies make up 57 percent of the countrys total market capitalization (Islamic, Sharia Firms 2009). Despite the recent huge decline in the financial markets, Islamic equity funds have been attracting global investors and more and more financial institutions are offering such funds to meet investor demand. 1.4.2. Islamic Bond (Sukuk) Market. One of the fastest growing sectors in the Islamic capital market is the sukuk, or Islamic asset-backed bond, market. The sukuk market grew at about an 84 percent per year compound rate between 2001 and 2007 and was estimated to have a market value of US$80 billion to US$90 billion before the 2008 market crisis (Cook 2008). Over the first eight months of 2008, global sukuk issuance totaled roughly US$14 billion, down from US$23 billion for the same period a year earlier, mainly because of the global credit crunch (Sukuk Issuance 2008) and the statement from AAOIFI. Sukuk are issued primarily by corporations, although sovereign issuers are becoming more common than in the past. About half of outstanding sukuk, mainly large U.S. dollar-based issues and Malaysian debt, are actively traded in the secondary market. Sukuk are a relatively new financial instrument, first issued in the late 1990s. Sukuk were created in response to a need for Shariah-compliant medium-term to long-term debt-like instruments that would have good liquidity in the marketplace (Iqbal and Tsubota 2006). The word sukuk is the plural of the Arabic word sakk, which means certificate, so sukuk may be described as certificates of trust for the ownership of an asset, or certificates of usufruct. Sukuk differ from conventional bonds in that they do not pay interest. Islam forbids the payment of interest, but a financial obligation or instrument that is linked to the performance of a real asset is acceptable. Sukuk returns are tied to the cash streams generated by underlying assets held in special purpose vehicles (SPVs). The cash stream can be in the form of profit from a sale, profit from a rental, or a combination of the two. The conventional asset securitization process is used in structuring sukuk. An SPV is created to acquire the assets that will collateralize the sukuk and to issue financial claims on those assets over the defined term of the sukuk. The asset collateral must be Shariah compliant (Iqbal and Tsubota 2006). Sukuk are, therefore, monetized real assets that enjoy significant liquidity and are easily transferred and traded in financial markets. A sukuk issue can be structured in a variety of ways and can offer fixed- and variable-income options. Several classes of assets typically collateralize sukuk issues. The first class has financial claims arising from a spot sale (salam) or a deferred-payment (bai muajjal) and/or deferred-delivery (bai salam) sale. These securities are typically short term in nature, ranging from three months to one year, and are used to finance commodity trading. Because the risk-and-return characteristics of the structure are somewhat delinked from the risk-and-return characteristics of the underlying asset, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries hold that trading these sukuk in the secondary market involves riba; hence, it is prohibited. Therefore, salam-based sukuk and the likes are typically held to maturity (Iqbal and Tsubota 2006). A second class of assets that collateralize sukuk is leased, or ijarah-based, assets. The cash flows generated by the lease-and-buyback agreement, a combination of rental and principal payments, are passed through to investors. Ijarah-based sukuk have medium- to long-term maturities (Iqbal and Tsubota 2006), carry a put option, and can be traded in the secondary market. This type of sukuk has gained increasing acceptance by Shariah scholars, particularly those from Middle Eastern countries. Recent successful issues include those by the Malaysian-based companies Al-Aqar Capital (RM500 million, or US$153 million) and Menara ABS (RM1.1 billion, or US$337 million). 1.4.3. Islamic Derivatives Market. A derivative, a financial instrument whose value is a function of the value of another asset, typically takes the form of a contract in which the investor promises to deliver, or take delivery of, an asset at a specific date and at a specific price. Conventional derivatives include call and put options, futures, forwards, and swaps and are used for hedging, arbitrage, and speculation. Islamic finance seemingly allows derivatives for the first two purposes hedging and arbitrage, but prohibits their use for speculation or gambling (maisir). As long as riba (interest) and gharar (uncertainty) are avoided, the Islamic derivative structure used in hedging and arbitrage enjoys significant freedom of design. The size of the Islamic derivative market is not known but is quite small. Islamic derivative products include the structured murabahah deposit, structured options that operate on the principle of waad (promise), profit rate swaps, and cross-currency swaps, such as the foreign exchange (FX) waad (a Shariah-complaint FX option) and the Islamic FX outright (a Shariah-compliant FX forward contract that locks in the price at which an entity can buy or sell a currency at a future date). Islamic derivatives are based on contracts that are supported by the principles of bai salam, bai istisna, or urbun. 1.4.4. Islamic Swap Market. The Islamic swap market is a subset of the overall Islamic derivative market. A swap is a derivative instrument that is used to transfer risk. The two major Islamic swap structures are the profit rate swap, which is similar to a conventional interest rate swap, and a cross-currency swap. Total return swaps are also being used. 1.4.4.1. Profit Rate Swap. The Islamic profit rate swap is used as a hedge against fluctuations in borrowing rates. The swap is an agreement to exchange fixed for floating profit rates between two parties and is implemented through the execution of a series of underlying contracts to trade certain assets under the Shariah principles of bai and bai bithaman ajil. 1.4.4.2 Cross-Currency Swap. The Islamic cross-currency swap is a vehicle through which investors can transfer the risk of currency fluctuation that is inherent in their investment or inventory positions. The structure involves two simultaneous murabaha transactions-one is a term murabaha and the other, a reverse murabaha. The parties to the swap agree to sell Shariah-compliant assets to each other for immediate delivery but on deferred-payment terms in different currencies. The first cross-currency swap was done in July 2006 for US$10 million between Standard Chartered Bank Malaysia and Bank Muamalat Malaysia. 1.4.5. Islamic Unit Trusts. An Islamic unit trust is similar to a conventional unit trust in the United Kingdom and an open-end mutual fund in the United States except that the Islamic unit trust invests only in Shariah-compliant securities; that is, the unit trust manager gives precedence to securities (stocks or bonds) of Islamic banks and financial institutions, securities of companies operated in accordance with Islamic principles, and securities included in Islamic equity indices. Islamic mutual funds (unit trusts) vary by investment type and financing method (murabaha, musyaraka, bai salam, bai istisna, or ijarah); field of investment (public works, real estate, or leasing); period of investment (short, medium, or long term); risk involved (low, medium, or high risk); whether they are open or closed funds (Tayar 2006). The contract governing the exchange of units between the unit trust manager and the investor usually conforms to the principle of bai al-naqdi (buying and selling on a cash basis). When an investor purchases a unit of the trust, the investor is actually sharing pro rata with other investors in ownership of the assets held by the trust. The manager receives a management fee under the concept of al-ujrah (or fee) for managing the unit trust. An equity unit trust is the most common type of Islamic unit trust, but corporate and sovereign sukuk unit trusts are also available. Certain equity unit trusts invest in assets that closely track a particular index and are known as index trackers. Specialist unit trusts invest in a single industry or similar group of industries. Balanced funds incorporate both equity and sukuk securities and are rebalanced periodically to retain the initial asset allocation. Islamic fund managers have less autonomy than conventional fund managers because they are usually accountable to a Shariah committee or adviser who rules on the screening criteria for stock selection and how the criteria are to be interpreted in changing market conditions and company circumstances. In addition, Islamic unit trusts may offer a better risk profile than Islamic investment products that expose investors to the counterparty risk of a bank (Islamic Unit Trusts 2007). For example, investors who place their money in restricted or mudharaba investment accounts, in which legal ownership lies with the bank, are exposed to the risk that the counterparty bank will go bankrupt. A unit trust structure in which investors own a pro rata share of the investment portfolio, however, does not expose the investor to such counterparty risk. The first Islamic equity unit trust, Tabung Ittikal Arab-Malaysian, was established in Malaysia in 1993 (AMMB 2006). In recent years, growth in the equity funds market has been strong, particularly in Malaysia because of the countrys tax incentives and favorable regulatory environment, although Saudi Arabia is the largest Islamic equity funds market in terms of asset size and number of funds. 1.4.6. Islamic Exchange-Traded Funds. An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is an open-ended fund composed of quoted securities-stocks or bonds-that are selected to closely mimic a benchmark, rather like an index-tracking mutual fund. Unlike an index mutual fund, an ETF is bought and sold on an exchange. The price of an ETF should closely track the weighted net asset values of its portfolio of securities throughout the trading day. An Islamic ETF is structured exactly like a conventional ETF except that the benchmark used in constructing the fund is an index of Shariah-compliant securities; that is, the index includes only those securities that have passed Islamic filters to ensure that companies are primarily engaged in permissible business activities and do not have high levels of debt. Islamic ETFs made their debut in February 2006. Although it is a nascent market, Islamic ETFs have been issued by several major players in the global capital markets, such as i-Shares, BNP Paribas Bank, Daiwa Asset Management, and Deutsche Bank. As of year-end 2008, the three i-Shares ETFs totaled US$25.8 million. JETS (Javelin Exchange Traded Shares), which is the first Islamic ETF expected to be issued in the United States and is to be made available by Javelin Investment Management and the Dow Jones Islamic Market (DJIM) International Index Fund, has been filed with the U.S. SEC and was launched on NYSE in early 2009. Participating dealers or market makers deliver the exchange-traded securities selected for the ETF to the fund manager in exchange for units in the ETF. The ETF units, representing an ownership interest in the basket of securities, are then sold to investors via an exchange. When ETF units are redeemed, market makers return them to the fund manager in exchange for a proportionate share of the basket of securities. The advantages of ETFs from the investors viewpoint include tax efficiency, low cost, transparency, trading flexibility, and diversification. ETFs are often used as a hedging instrument as well as a means to obtain access to an asset class cheaply and quickly. 1.4.7. Islamic REITs. Islamic REITs (I-REITs) are similar to conventional REITs. They are typically structured as property trusts except that they must hold investments that adhere to the principles of Shariah. This requirement means that lease financing (ijarah) is used in lieu of an outright purchase of property. The economic, legal, and tax ramifications are effectively the same as in a conventional REIT. An Islamic REIT invests primarily in physical real estate, but it may also hold sukuk, private companies whose main assets comprise real estate, Shariah-compliant securities of property and non-property companies, and units of other I-REITS, Shariah compliant short-term deposits, and cash. I-REITs vary from country to country. The Malaysia Securities Commission defines an I-REIT as an investment vehicle that proposes to invest at least 50 percent of its total assets in real estate, whether through direct ownership or through a single purpose company whose principal asset comprises a real asset (Securi ties Commission 2005). The key benefits of I-REITS are similar to those of conventional REITs and include the following advantages over physical properties (Jaafar 2007): ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Higher current yields because of the requirement to distribute at least 90 percent of income annually, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ lower transaction costs and greater liquidity because most REITs are listed and traded on stock exchanges, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Scalability, unlike property investment companies, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Diversification across properties with different lease periods and geographical locations. I-REIT returns are earned through rental income, capital appreciation of physical property, and securities held as investments. I-REIT investments must be reviewed, monitored, and approved as complying with Sharia principles by a Shariah committee or adviser. In addition, an I-REIT is required to use a takaful (Islamic insurance) scheme to insure the real estate. The Malaysia Securities Commission permits up to 20 percent of REIT rental income to be derived from non-permissible, or non-Shariah-compliant, activities. The first Islamic REIT, the Malaysian Al-Aqar KPJ Healthcare REIT, was launched in Malaysia in 2006 with initial issuance of US$130 million (Lerner 2006). Malaysia was the first country, in 2005, to issue Shariah-compliant REIT guidelines. Malaysian issues are listed and traded on Bursa Malaysia and may also be dual listed (that is, listed on Bursa Malaysia and on another exchange). They are liquid securities that trade as any other stock trades. Having been in existence for only two years, the Islamic REIT market still remains quite small. 1.4.8. Islamic Commodity Funds. An Islamic commodity fund, like all Islamic financial products, must comply with Shariah principles; therefore, commodity fund transactions are governed by the following rules (Usmani, 2008): The commodity must be owned by the seller at the time of sale because short selling is not permitted under Sharia but forward sales, allowed only in the case of bai salam and bai istisna, are permitted. The commodity traded must be halal (permissible), which means that dealing in, for example, wine and pork is prohibited. The seller must have physical or constructive possession (that is, actual control without actually having physical control) of the commodity to be sold. The price of the commodity must be fixed and known to the parties involved. Any price that is uncertain, or that is determinable by an uncertain event, renders the sale invalid. The performance of commodity prices in the years leading up to the 2008 bull market peak has been attributed to favorable demand conditions for raw materials and, in most cases, inelastic supply responses because of years of underinvestment in production capacity. This bull market was followed by an extremely sharp commodity price decline in 2008_2009, illustrating how volatile and unpredictable commodity prices are. The advantage of a commodity fund is that it is not highly correlated with equity and fixed income asset classes. Hence, it acts as a diversifying asset, particularly when the other assets held are equities and bonds (but commodities did not diversify equity risk in 2008_2009). A commodity fund aims to provide investors with regular income over the life of the fund-income that is linked to the performance of commodities through investments that conform to Shariah principles. The commodity funds generate income from the potential appreciation in commodity prices. 1.5. Continued Growth in the Islamic Capital Market. Financial products that barely existed a few years ago have now penetrated the broad Islamic capital market. But some products, such as Islamic hedge funds, remain controversial in large portions of the Muslim community, which view hedge fund activities as simply simulating short selling in ways designed to be compatible with Shariah. The five schools of Islam vary in their definition of what complies with Shariah, which raises a key obstacle to the creation of universally acceptable Islamic hedging schemes. Nevertheless, two investment firms, Barclays Capital and Shariah Capital, have launched a Shariah-compliant hedge fund product that 3.3. The Quandary of Substance over Form in Sukuk: The current global crisis has allowed the Islamic Finance industry some time for reflection, and as such, when considering the future of the Sukuk market, we explore in detail the issue of substance over form. Sukuk structures are being tested for the first time by originator insolvency and proposed restructurings. In these more difficult periods it is important that all investors understand that very few existing Sukuk have asset ownership or security -the majority are unsecured. Asset-backed Sukuk or Islamic securitizations generally perform very differently from asset-based under stress. Most Islamic market participants are aware that Sukuk, sometimes known as Islamic bonds, should grant the investor a share of an asset or business venture along with the cash flows and risk commensurate with such ownership. However, while this is indeed the Shariah ideal, most current structures have more in common with conventional fixed income or debt instruments from a risk/return perspective. The recent highly successful Indonesian sovereign Sukuk ($650 million) shows there is still heavy demand for these unsecured, asset based structures, although the recent bonds of Qatar and Abu Dhabi were not Sukuk. The assets in the structure are commonly for Shariah compliance only, and ultimately have little or no bearing on the risk or performance of the Sukuk. Investors should note that, while all conventional asset-backed securities (ABS) are not Sukuk, a true asset-backed Sukuk is accessible to the whole universe of global ABS investors, and not just to the much smaller Shariah compliant investor base. The disparity between the ideal and the reality of Sukuk was highlighted by AAOIFI in February 2008, when it published six principles regarding Sukuk structures (refer to Annexure I) and initially noted that around 85 percent of existing Sukuk were not in compliance with these principles. Subsequently, many sources attributed the market decline to these statements. In reality, the decline in Sukuk market volume in 2008 probably had also to do with the prevailing global credit market conditions (it was a very difficult time to raise funds, whether conventional or Islamic) rather than to any direct reaction to the AAOIFI statements. As we strive to strip away the sometimes excessive structural and legal complexity and confusion surrounding Sukuk products, getting to the real substance of the Sukuk without being distracted by the form. This focus on the substance of the risk and return is helpful when trying to assess a products compliance with a given set of Shariah principles or views. While terms such as Mudarabah, Musharaka and Ijarah are widely applied, the actual legal structure behind the name and Sukuk risk characteristics can vary significantly -even within a single type. Thus, until there is some broad consensual standardization on terminology or form, investors will need to look at each structure individually to understand the cash flow, risk and return profile, irrespective of the name/type of Sukuk structure used. The common theme of form over substance throughout modern Islamic finance has, in our experience, created confusion for some market participants. Asset-backed and asset-based are semantical ly similar descriptions but mask significant differences in credit risk. Shariah-based and Shariah-compliant are two more recent terms that seem to add some confusion.

Essay on war on drugs - 1562 Words

The war on drugs is not a war that can be fought on the beaches of Normandy or in the jungles of Vietnam. It is a war fought in the backyards of all Americans, every day. This is a war that cannot be won with the aid of nuclear weapons or the help of any other forms of artillery. The number of casualties, however, will be determined by whether or not the legalization of drugs occurs. Many will suffer the same outcome as a soldier killed in battle if drugs become legal. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If marijuana and other drugs are legalized, obtaining drugs will be easier for people of all ages. With the increased use of drugs, there are bound to be more traffic accidents resulting from those who are under the influence of drugs. Also, if†¦show more content†¦The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse was able to explain in simple English why drugs are illegal in America: quot;Drugs are not a threat to American society because they are legal; they are illegal because they are a threat to American societyquot; (Marbry par. 16). Drugs corrupt the minds of even the most honest American citizens. Making drugs legal could put the life of any American at risk. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some drugs that are in the process of possibly being legalized for medicinal use are also a threat to American life. Marijuana is the most popular of drugs that can be used for medicinal purposes. Though the dosage prescribed would not be permanently harmful to the patient, it would be very easy for him to become dependent on the drug. Marijuana is known as a gateway drug, meaning that its effects are relatively mild. After a long period of usage, its effects decrease leaving the user in want of a bigger high. This craving leads drug users to heavier drugs such as heroin, cocaine, or LCD. (Schwebel 87). After awhile, even the heavy drugs begin to lose their potency. To deal with the deprivation of bigger highs, users usually begin taking larger dosages, which may lead to an overdose and death. The legalization of even medicinal drugs could easily lead to more deaths from drug related illnesses or overdose. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A major cause for concern in the United States is the number of lives taken by drunk drivers.Show MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs And Drugs Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesThe war on drugs have been a critical issue that has repeatedly held a great debate topic. It was in the 1906 when the first act against drug was put into effect with the Pure Food and Drug Act which required all over-the-counter medication to have label of its ingredients. 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Celebrity Defendants - Celebrity Criminal Defendants of the Decade

Right After Breakfast The Next Morning By Dr. Davis

Right after breakfast the next morning, Dr. Davis showed up with a bright smile on his face. â€Å"Good morning, John. How are you feeling today?† he greeted cheerfully in an attempt to gauge how his patient’s mood was and how he felt towards therapy. Grimacing, Johnny shrugged, â€Å"Am fine.† Nodding, the doctor set down the few items he had brought for the first session. â€Å"I know that Doctor Early has you on less medicine to help with pain, so you may hurt a bit more right now. The exercises I do with you and ask your family to help you with may cause some pain too,† he warned. â€Å"The pain shouldn’t get to bad, if it does, tell someone. Otherwise, what you do in physical therapy will help with the pain. It will take a bit, but once we get you moving, your body will be happier. 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Organ Trafficking A Vital Part Of Our Survival Essay

Carly St. Myers Assistant Professor, E. Scott Denison Design 2110 12 October 2016 Organ Trafficking Throughout much of human history, trade has been a vital part of our survival. Trades take place continuously today; whether they’re in-person with a friend, or across the ocean with a complete stranger. There are many forms of trade, most including the buying and selling of goods and services to benefit us in some way. When we think about trade, body parts aren’t typically the first thing to pop into our heads. It is not in the foreseeable future that Amazon will be adding them to its list of products any time soon, either. It may not be a widely recognized concept, but the practice of illegal organ trade is alive and well in the shadows of the law. Organ trade is when human organs, tissues, bones, or other body parts are transplanted from one person to another. Opposite of legal organ donation, organ trade is when someone involved is receiving monetary payment (UNODC 9). Organs are trafficked in a few different ways. They can be forcibly removed from someone who is dead or alive, taken out during a time of unconsciousness that the victim isn’t aware of, or given by someone who plans to sell them. When the latter is the case, the victim usually gets ripped off by the broker, the person who organizes the trade (ungift.org). No matter the method, the ultimate reason behind organ trafficking always comes back to one thing; someone is in need of a new organ. According to theShow MoreRelatedEssay on HIV/AIDS and Modern Medical Inventions1399 Words   |  6 Pages Even though homosexuality does not have anything with the traditional aspects, it exists in places where few women are present and in situations where authoritative male can have advantage over the other males. Homosexuality is prevailed in many parts of world that may lead to the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Sugar daddies contribute more in the act of spreading HIV. 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Chapter 1 Introduction â€Å"When we empower women, we empower communities, nations and the entire human family.† —UN secretary-general ban ki-moonRead MoreBackground Guide Of World Health Organization7133 Words   |  29 Pagesand the ideality. I hope that each and every CMUNS participant will take part in this MUN with the original enthusiasm and the longing for a better future. The MUN Association of Bashu Secondary School has been committing to the development of MUN in Chongqing, which is also the reason why CMUNS was originated. So far, CMUNS has been successfully hosted twice in Chongqing. Plenty of MUNers have devoted their enthusiasm here. Our goal is to make this activity organized by students increasingly mature

Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin Free Essays

Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin was one of the most ruthless and diabolical people in the history of the world. Hitler once said of Stalin, † He is a beast, but he’s a beast on a grand scale who must command our unconditional respect. In his own way, he is a hell of a fellow! † (Stalin Breaker of Nations, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin or any similar topic only for you Order Now xvi) What Hitler said of Stalin is only his opinion, and it is not a valid one at that. For you must consider the source, it takes a beast like Adolf Hitler to know a beast and Stalin was a horrible beast. He was also a murderer. Stalin abused his people when he starved them to death, and systematically murdered them. Stalin also abused his country by halting Russia’s progress and economic growth. Stalin was a breaker of nations. Stalin first enter the Russian political system in the early nineteen teens. With the help form Lenin, Stalin proposed an answer to the National Question, which was self determination. Stalin’s ruthlessness is first discovered by Lenin, when Stalin is sent to Georgia to convince the Georgia leader not to practice self determination. When the leader does not agree with what Stalin has to say, Stalin punches the man out and threaten to kill them all. Years after that incident Lenin end up dying and Stalin takes over as the leader of Russia. Because Trotsky was hated by many of the influential political figures in Russia, Stalin becomes the leader of Russia even after Lenin’s dying last wishes. 1929 was the first of many years in which Stalin stunted Russia’s growth. In that year the â€Å"Engineer Trials† were held. During these trials the Russian elite was brought forth by Stalin on the account of treason. Confessions by the elite which consisted of engineers, doctors, lawyers, teachers and clergy were extracted by many means including torture. After these trials were through thousands of the Russian elite were murdered, with their blood on Stalin’s hands. These trails had a horrific effect on the progress of Russia, there was now nobody left to lead Russian into the future, and the few elite’s that still remained in Russia lived in constant fear of their lives. Around 1932, Stalin had put his plan into action that was later called the Terror Famine. In the Terror Famine, Stalin started to order grain requisitions from the lower class in the Ukraine. Stalin used his army to retrieve the grain from the people, following the orders by Stalin, the army takes too much grain and causes a famine among the lower class. Stalin justified the taking of the grain by saying that it was just a way for the state to regulate the price of grain. By doing this Stalin ended up breaking the back of the Georgians and the Ukrainians. Knowingly, Stalin eliminated millions upon millions of Russian, between 30 and 50 million, in his attempt at an absolute totalitarian rule in Russia. By killing so many of the Russian’s who were the ones which the economy was supported on, Stalin has broken the nation of the Ukraine. From around 1936 through 1938 Stalin extracted his Great Terror. The Great Terror consisted of many events including the Purge Trials and the Katyn Massacre. During the purge trials, Stalin once again haltered Russian progress. The Purge Trials eliminated many military officers and engineers. The numbers are not exact, but between 250,000 to 500,000 Russians died because of Stalin’s orders. These trials caused mass paranoia of the elite’s, afraid to make a difference, for if they did then they would ultimately end up dead. Stalin not only haltered the growth of his own country, but he haltered the growth of neighboring counties, on being Poland. In Poland during the Great Terror, Stalin ordered the Katyn Massacre to occur. The top 15,000 officers in the Polish army were rounded up and killed in the forests of Belarus. This was a deep wound, the stunted the Polish progress, since now there were would be no more experienced leaders in Poland’s future, since Stalin killed most of their military elite. Once again Stalin had broken another nation. During all this time, Stalin was also methodically killing off all of his political opponents, or anyone who posed as to be the most remote of a threat to him. Unlike what Hitler thought of Stalin, the opposite is true. Stalin showed mercy to no one, he evil incarnate, killing innocent Russians and severely damaging any possible of future progress for Russia. Stalin had broken the Russian nation. How to cite Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, Essay examples

Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin Free Essays

Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin was one of the most ruthless and diabolical people in the history of the world. Hitler once said of Stalin, † He is a beast, but he’s a beast on a grand scale who must command our unconditional respect. In his own way, he is a hell of a fellow! † (Stalin Breaker of Nations, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin or any similar topic only for you Order Now xvi) What Hitler said of Stalin is only his opinion, and it is not a valid one at that. For you must consider the source, it takes a beast like Adolf Hitler to know a beast and Stalin was a horrible beast. He was also a murderer. Stalin abused his people when he starved them to death, and systematically murdered them. Stalin also abused his country by halting Russia’s progress and economic growth. Stalin was a breaker of nations. Stalin first enter the Russian political system in the early nineteen teens. With the help form Lenin, Stalin proposed an answer to the National Question, which was self determination. Stalin’s ruthlessness is first discovered by Lenin, when Stalin is sent to Georgia to convince the Georgia leader not to practice self determination. When the leader does not agree with what Stalin has to say, Stalin punches the man out and threaten to kill them all. Years after that incident Lenin end up dying and Stalin takes over as the leader of Russia. Because Trotsky was hated by many of the influential political figures in Russia, Stalin becomes the leader of Russia even after Lenin’s dying last wishes. 1929 was the first of many years in which Stalin stunted Russia’s growth. In that year the â€Å"Engineer Trials† were held. During these trials the Russian elite was brought forth by Stalin on the account of treason. Confessions by the elite which consisted of engineers, doctors, lawyers, teachers and clergy were extracted by many means including torture. After these trials were through thousands of the Russian elite were murdered, with their blood on Stalin’s hands. These trails had a horrific effect on the progress of Russia, there was now nobody left to lead Russian into the future, and the few elite’s that still remained in Russia lived in constant fear of their lives. Around 1932, Stalin had put his plan into action that was later called the Terror Famine. In the Terror Famine, Stalin started to order grain requisitions from the lower class in the Ukraine. Stalin used his army to retrieve the grain from the people, following the orders by Stalin, the army takes too much grain and causes a famine among the lower class. Stalin justified the taking of the grain by saying that it was just a way for the state to regulate the price of grain. By doing this Stalin ended up breaking the back of the Georgians and the Ukrainians. Knowingly, Stalin eliminated millions upon millions of Russian, between 30 and 50 million, in his attempt at an absolute totalitarian rule in Russia. By killing so many of the Russian’s who were the ones which the economy was supported on, Stalin has broken the nation of the Ukraine. From around 1936 through 1938 Stalin extracted his Great Terror. The Great Terror consisted of many events including the Purge Trials and the Katyn Massacre. During the purge trials, Stalin once again haltered Russian progress. The Purge Trials eliminated many military officers and engineers. The numbers are not exact, but between 250,000 to 500,000 Russians died because of Stalin’s orders. These trials caused mass paranoia of the elite’s, afraid to make a difference, for if they did then they would ultimately end up dead. Stalin not only haltered the growth of his own country, but he haltered the growth of neighboring counties, on being Poland. In Poland during the Great Terror, Stalin ordered the Katyn Massacre to occur. The top 15,000 officers in the Polish army were rounded up and killed in the forests of Belarus. This was a deep wound, the stunted the Polish progress, since now there were would be no more experienced leaders in Poland’s future, since Stalin killed most of their military elite. Once again Stalin had broken another nation. During all this time, Stalin was also methodically killing off all of his political opponents, or anyone who posed as to be the most remote of a threat to him. Unlike what Hitler thought of Stalin, the opposite is true. Stalin showed mercy to no one, he evil incarnate, killing innocent Russians and severely damaging any possible of future progress for Russia. Stalin had broken the Russian nation. How to cite Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, Essay examples

Metabical and TOMS case study free essay sample

Question 1 – How should Printup think about the segmentation of potential Metabical consumers? Who is the optimal target consumer? They should target women less than 65 especially (exhibit 2). They seem to be more aware than men to their weight. But most of the population (men and women) are now more conscious that losing weight is important for health. We can talk about normal customers including young and older ones. Those customers can be separated in two segments: Lose weight for health Lose weight only if it is easy 35% of normal customers want actively to lose weight and need help to do so. We can also say that younger women are more interested for losing weight to be pretty whereas older ones are interested because it is a way to be healthier. There is also the medical customer target. They can advise this drug to their patients. We’ve chosen normal customers and especially women as the optimal target for the reasons described previously. Question 2 – How should CSP identify and employ the differential advantages that Metabical offers to position itself in the market place? First, we can say that there wasn’t a lot of competition in the market at that time which represents an opportunity for CSP. Moreover, it is an easy way to lose weight, a key point that most of customers are looking for. More than that, there is a support program that CSP have developed to help and support people during their losing weight period. In addition, it is a cheaper drug than those which already exist on the market. Moreover, CSP want to make its product reimbursed as it is in order to improve people’s health so that people will not have to pay anymore for this drug. There is also the fact that there is a real social crisis in the US due to overweight and it is necessary to change things. People will be more aware to lose weight in order to avoid rejection from others. There is a real discrimination about overweight people. Question 3 – Given the positioning strategy you chose, what would be your communication strategy and IMC mix for each of your target audiences? Since Metabical is a new product, so they should let consumers know what they can do and what are their advantages. Maybe they can stress their safety and effectiveness in their advertisements. If the budget allows, they can give some sample sack to the people who tend to lose their weight, which I suppose can let them know the effect of Metabical clearly. As a company producing weight loss drug, they can put ads on health magazines, which can target people who are worrying about their obesity may influence their health. Promoting to the health care providers can also be a good choice for Metabical, because these people can recommend their products to the people coming to consult health situation. Furthermore, they may also creative a websites to promote their products. In this website, they can describe their products in detail and answer the questions from consumers. Because there are also a lot female using weight loss drug just for beauty. So maybe Metabical can establish a club to teach women how to make them become beautiful, like how to make up or how to wear properly. And In the process of teaching women, they can use their products as a support. In addition, since they should let consumers realize that losing weight is very difficult, but they can help them. So they can make ads on some sports magazines or programs that tell people if they try to lose weight only by sports or diet, it would be hard and time-consuming. In one word, Metabical should let their potential know that if people are unsatisfied with their weight, Metabical can help them. And they should also target those who care about their health or pursue beauty. Case study: TOMS: One for giving Model Question 1 – Discuss the growth of TOMS Shoes: its operating model uniqueness, product and brand awareness. Claire 1. Operating model uniqueness The operating model of TOMS is â€Å"One for One† operating model. That is for every pair of shoes sold a pair was given to a needy child through shoe drops in developing countries. TOMS formed shoe-giving partnerships with humanitarian organizations knowledgeable about the communities they operated in. Through these partnerships the communities that would benefit the most from the TOMS approach were identified. On seeing the many problems faced by the many communities TOMS worked with, TOMS decided to unleash the potential of the One for One model to address the other human needs that were still unmet. Later in 2011, TOMS launched its One for One line of eyewear. For each pair of glasses sold TOMS worked with qualified optometrist to provide better vision to people from underprivileged countries. TOMS wants to be more than just a shoe company, it’s a one-for-one company. 2. Product and brand awareness With the TOMS, customers can generate something for someone else while also advancing their own fashion. When customers purchase shoes, they can let TOMS finish out the final mile of their own good intentions. It is a model where the consumers can continue to reap satisfaction as the shoe gets worn. Hence the shoe drops or giveaways increased customer satisfaction and loyalty thus being the integral component of the company’s competitiveness. 3. Growth of TOMS Shoes The main reason behind the success of TOMS operating model was its focus on giving. The story behind the brand and its focus on giving made its customers as its marketer thus making it easy to retain good employees and attract good partners. Besides, the reason for the mushrooming growth of such startups was the social media which made it possible for social entrepreneurs such as TOMS to spread their message at a low-cost. Social media also enabled these entrepreneurs to enlist the help of their customers as their marketers. Question 2 – What would be the motives of customers for buying TOMS footwear? Analyse how TOMS model may create both positive and negative attitudes among customers.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A motive is a construct representing an unobservable inner force that stimulates and compels behavioural response and provide specific direction to that response.† Customers buying Toms’ shoes are moved by a hedonist motivation, which is doing something good for society, rather than an utilitarian motivation which could be buying safe wearing shoes. If we take a look at Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: buying a simple tennis shoes could be identified as a safety need whereas buying Toms’ shoes is a self-actualization need as customers are fulfilling a desire to be useful and helpful. It is helping them achieve their aspiration for being a better person. â€Å"Attitudes are associations between a given object and a given summary evaluation of the object; associations that can vary in strength and, hence, in their accessibility from memory.† Potential positive attitude toward TOMS: customers thinking that TOMS helps people who need the most (evaluation of TOMS). Those will be willing to buy TOMS shoes. Those will feel empowered by â€Å"consum’action†. Potential negative attitude toward TOMS: customers thinking that TOMS business is jeopardizing local producers of shoes and that he cashs in on poverty (marketing of poverty arising questions of ethics). Those will engage in negative WOM. TOMS shoes are seen to be too fashionable, those consumers feel to be brainwashed. Question 3 – Is TOMS a truly welfare venture profit or a profit motivated initiative in sheep’s clothes. Discuss and justify There are some critical advices about TOM Company. Some people perceived TOMS  as a profit-motivated initiative. In fact, by giving shoes to poor children local people remain dependent from external resources. From their point of view, TOMS initiative give to poor countries a short term solution to lift of poverty. As far as we are concerned, we think that TOM is a social welfare venture because of all these good initiatives in poor countries: - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Shoes distributing trips organized by TOM - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Partnership with humanitarian organization knowledgeable - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Repeatedly shoe distribution in poor area to provide shoe permanently to children In 2010 the company has distributed 1 million pair of shoes in Argentina, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Guatemala, Haiti, South Africa and the US. Moreover, TOMS shoes are made in Argentina, this is a source of job creation for the country. It helps Argentina development.

A Comparative Study of the Development of Ragtime free essay sample

Blues, work songs, ragtime, spirituals, and minstrel songs were, in their own ways, all part of the great Fractionation of American music that was originated by enslaved Africans in the southern United States. But the greatest of the musical forms developed In this process was jazzone of the major American contributions to world culture. Each of these forms of music made essential contributions to the development of Jazz Itself but each, more or less, retained Its own Integrity and none could be said to have been transformed into jazz.What differentiated Jazz from these earlier styles was the widespread use of improvisation, often by more than one player at a time. Jazz represented a break from Western musical traditions, where the composer wrote a piece of music on paper and the musicians then tried their best to play exactly what was in the score. In a Jazz piece, the song is often Just a starting point or frame of reference for the musicians to Improvise around. The song might have been a popular ditty or blues that they didnt compose, but by the time they were finished with it they had composed a new piece that often bore little resemblance to the original song.Many of these virtuoso musicians were not good sight readers and some could not read music at all, nevertheless their playing thrilled audiences and the spontaneous music they created captured a joy and sense of adventure that was an exciting and radical departure from the music of that time. The first Jazz was played by African-American and Creole musicians In New Orleans. The cornet player, Buddy Bolder Is generally considered to be the first real Jazz musician. Other early players included Freddie Sheppard, Bunk Johnson and Clarence Williams.Although these musicians names are unknown to most people, then and owe, their ideas are still being elaborated to this day. Most of these men could not make a living with their music and were forced to work menial Jobs to get by. Throughout the growth of Jazz music, various forms were created and developed In different geographic regions. Two very notable styles of Jazz music are Ragtime and Dixieland. TLS paper will analyze and explore the development of both Ragtime and Dixieland throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century. Ragtime rhythms appeared in print as early as the first half of the nineteenth century, but the first published ragtime piece is generally acknowledged to be Mississippi Rag, composed by William Krill in 1897. Later that same year, Tom Turnip became the first black composer to publish a ragtime composition with his work Harlem Rag. Both are well crafted and suggest that the ragtime style had been In Incubation for some time prior to their appearance. By the turn of the century, the ragtime craze was in full swing, so much so that highbrow critics felt compelled to attack it. Ragtimes days are numbered, declared Metronome magazine. We are sorry to hint that anyone should imagine that ragtime was of the least musical importance. It was a popular wave in the wrong direction. That same year, the American Federation musicians know what is good, and if the people dont, we will have to teach them. 1 In the midst of this rapid dissemination of a new musical style, the term rag invariably became both overused and misapplied, often being employed to denote a wide range of African-American musical idioms.Many pieces from this period use the word rag in their title while bearing little resemblance to what has come to be now as classic rag style, Just as many so-called blues compositions strayed, sometimes considerably, from the standard twelve-bar form. Nevertheless as the style evolved, ragtime developed into a structured four-theme form, with each melody typically encompassing sixteen bars. The most common form for these classic rag pieces was BACKED, with a modulation to a different key typically employed for the C theme.Although the published ragtime compositions came to include vocal works and band arrangements, this style reached its highest pitch as a f orm of solo piano music. In many ways, the spread of this Jubilant new music went hand in hand with the growing popularity of pianos in turn-of-the-century American households. Between 1890 and 1909, total piano production in the United States grew from under 100,000 instruments per year to over 350,000and it is worth noting that 1909 marked the peak level not only in American piano production, but also in the number of ragtime pieces published.By 1911, a staggering 295 separate companies manufacturing pianos had set up operations in the United States, with another 69 businesses producing piano supplies. During this same period, player pianos increasingly made their way into homes and gathering places. In 1897, the same year that witnessed the publication of the first ragtime piece, the Angelus cabinet player piano, the first such instrument to use a pneumatic push-up device to depress the keys, was released to an enthusiastic marketplace. By 1919 player pianos constituted over half the output of the U. S. Piano industry. These two powerful trends, the spread of pianos into American households and the growing popularity of mechanical player pianos, helped spur the enormous public demand or ragtime music during the early years of the twentieth century. This unprecedented outpouring of ragtime artistry was centered, to a striking degree, in a fairly small geographical area. Just as the rural blues blossomed in the atmosphere of the Mississippi Delta, and as early Jazz would later flourish in the environs of New Orleans, so early ragtime reached its zenith in turn-of-the-century Missouri. The cities of Saddles, Cartage, and SST.Louis, among others, boasted a glittering array of rag composers, as well as an ambitious group of music publishers who recognized the extraordinary body of talent at hand. In Saddles, a booming railroad town that almost became the state capital, Scott Joplin gathered a cadre of promising rag composers around him, including his students Scott Hayden and Arthur Marshall. Saddles mu sic publisher John Stark, a major advocate for ragtime in general and Joplin in particular, proved to be an important catalyst in bringing the work of these local composers to the attention of the broader public. Stark, Joplin, and Hayden eventually moved to SST. Louis, another major center of rag activity during these glory years. The local composers here included Louis Chauvinism, an exceptionally talented dative of the city who left behind all too few compositions, as well as Tom Turnip and Artier Matthews. In Cartage, Missouri, James Scott created a number of outstanding where Scott worked. With the exception of Joseph Lamb, a white composer from Montclair, New Jersey, virtually all the leading exponents of the classic rag style made their home, at one point or another, in Missouri.Scott Joplin stands out as the greatest of these composers. While others may have written rags that were more technically demanding or boasted more striking novelty effects, none could approach he structural elegance, the melodic inventiveness, or the unflagging commitment to artistry that characterized Joplin major works. Nor would any other rag composer match Joplin ambitions for the musicambitions that led to the composition of two operas, a ballet, and other works that squarely challenged the lowbrow reputation of the rag idiom.Although his more daring works never gained the acceptance, at least during his lifetime, that Joplin craved, his reputation stands out today all the more due to the high standards to which he aspired. Joplin was born in Texans, Texas, n November 24, 1868. His father, the former slave Giles Joplin, had played the violin for house parties given by the local slave-owner in the days before the Emancipation Proclamation, while his mother, Florence Givens Joplin, sang and played the banjo.The banjo may have had a particular impact on Coots musical sensibilities: the syncopated rhythms of nineteenth-century African-American banjo music are clear predecessors of the later piano rag style. While Scott was still in his youth, his father left the family, and his mother was forced to rely on domestic work to support her six hillier. Joplin exhibited his affinity for the keyboard at an early age. He often accompanied his mother to the houses where she worked and would play and improvise on the piano while she went about her chores.By his teens, Joplin had established himself as a professional pianist, with opportunities to play at churches, clubs, and social gatherings in the border area of Texas and Arkansas. Later he became involved in teaching music as well as in singing with a vocal quintet that performed widely in the region. During this period, Joplin made his first attempts at composition. At some point in the mid-sass, Joplin moved to SST. Louis, where he earned his livelihood primarily as a pianist, both as a soloist in saloons and other nightspots as well as with a band.The ensemble work gave Joplin an opportunity to develop the skills in arranging that would later reach their pinnacle in orchestrations for his two operas. Joplin made his home in SST. Louis for almost a decade, but he traveled widely during these years. At some point in the mid-sass, Joplin settled down in Saddles, where he eventually began studying harmony and composition at the nearby George R. Smith College for Negroes. Around 1897, Joplin wrote the Maple Leaf Rag, a composition that would soon become the most famous ragtime piece of its day.It wasnt until two years later that John Stark published the work, and in the first year only four hundred copies were sold. But in the fall of 1900, the Maple Leaf Rag caught on with the general public, eventually becoming the first piece of sheet music to sell more than one million copies. This figure is all the more stunning when one realizes that there were fewer than 100,000 professional musicians and music teachers in the United States at the time. Amateur pianists, for their part, must have found it anything but easy to navigate the technical and rhythmic difficulties of Joplin celebrated rag.However, many purchased the sheet music and labored over its intricate syncopation. Joplin career produced a plethora Civil War period [1861-65], African-Americans in the south were freed from slavery. In New Orleans, many blacks began forming bands and played for many occasions, such as church and lodge events, parades, picnics, celebrations, and funerals. They played much the way they had sungusing the African natural vocal style with employ rhythmic structures. By the sass, small bands of 5 to 8 players were being formed and Dixieland Jazz was launched. Usually these bands consisted of three solo instruments and a rhythm section. The solo instruments included the cornet or trumpet, the clarinet, and the trombone. The cornet usually played the main melody of the piece, the clarinet wove an improvised second part above the cornet part (usually in a faster rhythm), and the trombone added slides for rhythmic drive. The syncopation and rhythmic independence of the melodic instruments created a ravenous sense of excitement. This use of three different parts is an example of polyphony, mentioned in the first section of this curriculum guide.The rhythm section clearly marked the beat and provided a background of chords to support the three solo instruments. This section usually consisted of a banjo or guitar, drums, a tuba, and sometimes a piano. String bass and the saxophone were later added during the sasss. The tunes of New Orleans Jazz were usually based on well known pieces such as marches, church melodies, ragtime pieces, popular songs, or specially the 12-bar blues. The Jazz bands rarely used written music; in fact, most of the musicians were self-taught and could not read music. A new player was told, Just listen awhile, then play what you feel. Like folk music, this type of Jazz was handed down through an aural / oral tradition, not by a written one. There was a set formula for playing Dixieland. One or more choruses of collective improvisation generally occurred at the beginning and the end of a piece, called Jamming. In between, individual players were featured in improvised solos, accompanied by the withy section or by the whole band. Sometimes there were brief unaccompanied solos, called breaks. The bands performance might begin with an introduction and end with a brief coda, or tag.Often these bands marched through the city of New Orleans, or rode in horse-drawn wagons with advertising strips on each side (the bands played to attract attention to the advertising). The band, particularly the three solo instruments, were called the front line. People attracted to the band would walk in front of, along side, or behind the band. They were called the second line. Usually the trombone player sat in the rear of the wagon on the open tailgate, facing backwards, so he would not bump into other players with the slide part of the instrument.The terms tailgate slide and tailgate trombone come from this way of sitting in the wagon. The term Dixieland became widely used after the advent of the first million-selling hit records of the Original Dixieland Sass Band in 1917. The music has been played continuously since the early part of the 20th century. Louis Armstrongs All-stars was the band most popularly identified with Dixieland, although Armstrongs own influence runs through all of Jazz. Many Dixieland groups consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier.Other musicians continued to create innovative performances and original new tunes. Some fans of post bebop Jazz consider Dixieland to no longer be a vital part of Jazz, while some adherents consider music in the traditional style, when well and creatively played, is jazz is the first indigenous American style to affect music in the rest of the World. From the beat of ragtime syncopation and driving brass bands to soaring gospel hours mixed with field hollers and the deep down growl of the blues, Jazzs many roots are celebrated almost everywhere in the United States.Throughout the years jazz has developed and changed in various ways but still holds true to its roots. From the inception of the idea of Jazz various forms of this style of music were derived. Two very significant of these fundamental forms are ragtime and Dixieland. During the late 19th Century and early 20th Century these two sectors of Jazz developed and are still well appreciated and utilized in the music society of today.