Organ Trafficking A Vital Part Of Our Survival Essay

Carly St. Myers Assistant Professor, E. Scott Denison Design 2110 12 October 2016 Organ Trafficking Throughout much of human history, trade has been a vital part of our survival. Trades take place continuously today; whether they’re in-person with a friend, or across the ocean with a complete stranger. There are many forms of trade, most including the buying and selling of goods and services to benefit us in some way. When we think about trade, body parts aren’t typically the first thing to pop into our heads. It is not in the foreseeable future that Amazon will be adding them to its list of products any time soon, either. It may not be a widely recognized concept, but the practice of illegal organ trade is alive and well in the shadows of the law. Organ trade is when human organs, tissues, bones, or other body parts are transplanted from one person to another. Opposite of legal organ donation, organ trade is when someone involved is receiving monetary payment (UNODC 9). Organs are trafficked in a few different ways. They can be forcibly removed from someone who is dead or alive, taken out during a time of unconsciousness that the victim isn’t aware of, or given by someone who plans to sell them. When the latter is the case, the victim usually gets ripped off by the broker, the person who organizes the trade (ungift.org). No matter the method, the ultimate reason behind organ trafficking always comes back to one thing; someone is in need of a new organ. According to theShow MoreRelatedEssay on HIV/AIDS and Modern Medical Inventions1399 Words   |  6 Pages Even though homosexuality does not have anything with the traditional aspects, it exists in places where few women are present and in situations where authoritative male can have advantage over the other males. Homosexuality is prevailed in many parts of world that may lead to the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Sugar daddies contribute more in the act of spreading HIV. As per a study in British, young girls are the victims who are infected with HIV because of these sugar daddies who date with young girlRead MoreThe War On Human Trafficking2117 Words   |  9 Pages The War on Human Trafficking Leah A. Rampersaud La Guardia Community College Professor Bojana Blagojevic December 3rd ,2014 Introduction: Today in our society human trafficking is a definitely a growing crime that more than often goes unrecognized. Men, women and children are being stolen and traded for sex everyday against their will. Mistakenly people tend to think that human trafficking is a third world issue but it’s not, it’s bigger than that it’s a worldwideRead MoreVoltaire‚Äà ´s Candide1924 Words   |  8 Pagesaspects regarding organ transplants. This Act was last amended in 1989. Since then medical science has developed so big in size and to such an extent that organ transplants today are almost routine operations in many hospitals. Unfortunately the current methods of procuring human organs are not supplying the demand. A new approach, the commercialization of human organs for transplantation is a possibility with the potential to supply one hundred per cent of the demand for organs. There are howeverRead MoreA Case Study 7 Mrs Mei Li Huong2191 Words   |  9 Pagesbe controlled and possibly cured. Chemotherapy agents are classified as cell cycle specific such as Taxotere cell cycle non- specific (Adriamycin Cyclophosphamide). These agents are often administered in combination as they act on different parts of the cell cycle to maximise disease control. The three chemotherapy agents Mrs Huong received are Taxotere, Adriamycin and Cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapy protocol known as TAC. Taxotere is an antimicrotubule agent which promotes microtubule assemblyRead MoreLegalizing The Sale Of Human Organs Final5907 Words   |  24 Pagesnumber of donated organs to be transplanted. There are hundreds of thousands of individuals in need of life-saving organ transplants, but the wait list is so long. That is why human organ sales must be legalized worldwide. It will not only increase the amount of organs donated that will escalate the possibility of saving lives, but it will also eliminate the black market or underground economy by having faster transaction because of nearer sources. The shortage of transplant organs is a major problemRead MoreSelling Human Organs10012 Words   |  41 PagesTERM PAPER RESEARCH : Selling Human Organs ARTICLE 1 : Should people be allowed to sell their organs? Currently, exchanging organs for money or other valuable considerations is illegal, but some members of the medical and business communities would like to change that. One of those is the American Medical Associations influential Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Convinced that the balance of moral and ethical concerns favors the ability to sell organs, they would like the laws to changeRead MoreOmnivores Dilemma Explored3481 Words   |  14 Pagesbeing repackaged and sold by global corporations like Grace so that native farmers can no longer afford them. e. The rights to use seeds, plants and other biological resources should be controlled by rural communities. f. Slave labor and child trafficking are commonplace in the global agricultural system. 3. Analysis: The Economic Unfeasibility of Pre-Industrial, Local Food Production a. The validity of Pollans criticisms vs. the unfeasibility of Pollans proposal. b. The economic efficiencyRead MoreA Postmodernist/Posthumanist Reading of Kazuo Ishiguro’s, Never Let Me Go Using Fredric Jameson’s Theory of Postmodernism and Late Capitalism.4659 Words   |  19 Pagesposthuman characters or ‘clones’ as they are later known, differ to the normal conventions seen in the posthuman genre. The typical view of a posthuman creature is one of homogeneous negativity and blatant danger to the human race if allowed out of our control. There are elements of this in Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go, but yet they are subtle and overall ambiguous, almost acting as a rejection of posthumanism in order for the reader to focus on and empathise with, the actual human qualities the clonesRead MoreDoes Cedaw Make World Better Place For Women? Essay7028 Words   |  29 PagesConvention. In the end of this paper, there is an attempt to suggest the probable solution to the problem with the CEDAW. With these efforts we can at least hope to e nsure that not only the letter, but also the spirit of new laws are brought in line with our demands to achieve societies that both guarantee gender equality and allow for differences. Chapter 1 Introduction â€Å"When we empower women, we empower communities, nations and the entire human family.† —UN secretary-general ban ki-moonRead MoreBackground Guide Of World Health Organization7133 Words   |  29 Pagesand the ideality. I hope that each and every CMUNS participant will take part in this MUN with the original enthusiasm and the longing for a better future. The MUN Association of Bashu Secondary School has been committing to the development of MUN in Chongqing, which is also the reason why CMUNS was originated. So far, CMUNS has been successfully hosted twice in Chongqing. Plenty of MUNers have devoted their enthusiasm here. Our goal is to make this activity organized by students increasingly mature

Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin Free Essays

Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin was one of the most ruthless and diabolical people in the history of the world. Hitler once said of Stalin, † He is a beast, but he’s a beast on a grand scale who must command our unconditional respect. In his own way, he is a hell of a fellow! † (Stalin Breaker of Nations, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin or any similar topic only for you Order Now xvi) What Hitler said of Stalin is only his opinion, and it is not a valid one at that. For you must consider the source, it takes a beast like Adolf Hitler to know a beast and Stalin was a horrible beast. He was also a murderer. Stalin abused his people when he starved them to death, and systematically murdered them. Stalin also abused his country by halting Russia’s progress and economic growth. Stalin was a breaker of nations. Stalin first enter the Russian political system in the early nineteen teens. With the help form Lenin, Stalin proposed an answer to the National Question, which was self determination. Stalin’s ruthlessness is first discovered by Lenin, when Stalin is sent to Georgia to convince the Georgia leader not to practice self determination. When the leader does not agree with what Stalin has to say, Stalin punches the man out and threaten to kill them all. Years after that incident Lenin end up dying and Stalin takes over as the leader of Russia. Because Trotsky was hated by many of the influential political figures in Russia, Stalin becomes the leader of Russia even after Lenin’s dying last wishes. 1929 was the first of many years in which Stalin stunted Russia’s growth. In that year the â€Å"Engineer Trials† were held. During these trials the Russian elite was brought forth by Stalin on the account of treason. Confessions by the elite which consisted of engineers, doctors, lawyers, teachers and clergy were extracted by many means including torture. After these trials were through thousands of the Russian elite were murdered, with their blood on Stalin’s hands. These trails had a horrific effect on the progress of Russia, there was now nobody left to lead Russian into the future, and the few elite’s that still remained in Russia lived in constant fear of their lives. Around 1932, Stalin had put his plan into action that was later called the Terror Famine. In the Terror Famine, Stalin started to order grain requisitions from the lower class in the Ukraine. Stalin used his army to retrieve the grain from the people, following the orders by Stalin, the army takes too much grain and causes a famine among the lower class. Stalin justified the taking of the grain by saying that it was just a way for the state to regulate the price of grain. By doing this Stalin ended up breaking the back of the Georgians and the Ukrainians. Knowingly, Stalin eliminated millions upon millions of Russian, between 30 and 50 million, in his attempt at an absolute totalitarian rule in Russia. By killing so many of the Russian’s who were the ones which the economy was supported on, Stalin has broken the nation of the Ukraine. From around 1936 through 1938 Stalin extracted his Great Terror. The Great Terror consisted of many events including the Purge Trials and the Katyn Massacre. During the purge trials, Stalin once again haltered Russian progress. The Purge Trials eliminated many military officers and engineers. The numbers are not exact, but between 250,000 to 500,000 Russians died because of Stalin’s orders. These trials caused mass paranoia of the elite’s, afraid to make a difference, for if they did then they would ultimately end up dead. Stalin not only haltered the growth of his own country, but he haltered the growth of neighboring counties, on being Poland. In Poland during the Great Terror, Stalin ordered the Katyn Massacre to occur. The top 15,000 officers in the Polish army were rounded up and killed in the forests of Belarus. This was a deep wound, the stunted the Polish progress, since now there were would be no more experienced leaders in Poland’s future, since Stalin killed most of their military elite. Once again Stalin had broken another nation. During all this time, Stalin was also methodically killing off all of his political opponents, or anyone who posed as to be the most remote of a threat to him. Unlike what Hitler thought of Stalin, the opposite is true. Stalin showed mercy to no one, he evil incarnate, killing innocent Russians and severely damaging any possible of future progress for Russia. Stalin had broken the Russian nation. How to cite Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, Essay examples

Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin Free Essays

Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin was one of the most ruthless and diabolical people in the history of the world. Hitler once said of Stalin, † He is a beast, but he’s a beast on a grand scale who must command our unconditional respect. In his own way, he is a hell of a fellow! † (Stalin Breaker of Nations, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin or any similar topic only for you Order Now xvi) What Hitler said of Stalin is only his opinion, and it is not a valid one at that. For you must consider the source, it takes a beast like Adolf Hitler to know a beast and Stalin was a horrible beast. He was also a murderer. Stalin abused his people when he starved them to death, and systematically murdered them. Stalin also abused his country by halting Russia’s progress and economic growth. Stalin was a breaker of nations. Stalin first enter the Russian political system in the early nineteen teens. With the help form Lenin, Stalin proposed an answer to the National Question, which was self determination. Stalin’s ruthlessness is first discovered by Lenin, when Stalin is sent to Georgia to convince the Georgia leader not to practice self determination. When the leader does not agree with what Stalin has to say, Stalin punches the man out and threaten to kill them all. Years after that incident Lenin end up dying and Stalin takes over as the leader of Russia. Because Trotsky was hated by many of the influential political figures in Russia, Stalin becomes the leader of Russia even after Lenin’s dying last wishes. 1929 was the first of many years in which Stalin stunted Russia’s growth. In that year the â€Å"Engineer Trials† were held. During these trials the Russian elite was brought forth by Stalin on the account of treason. Confessions by the elite which consisted of engineers, doctors, lawyers, teachers and clergy were extracted by many means including torture. After these trials were through thousands of the Russian elite were murdered, with their blood on Stalin’s hands. These trails had a horrific effect on the progress of Russia, there was now nobody left to lead Russian into the future, and the few elite’s that still remained in Russia lived in constant fear of their lives. Around 1932, Stalin had put his plan into action that was later called the Terror Famine. In the Terror Famine, Stalin started to order grain requisitions from the lower class in the Ukraine. Stalin used his army to retrieve the grain from the people, following the orders by Stalin, the army takes too much grain and causes a famine among the lower class. Stalin justified the taking of the grain by saying that it was just a way for the state to regulate the price of grain. By doing this Stalin ended up breaking the back of the Georgians and the Ukrainians. Knowingly, Stalin eliminated millions upon millions of Russian, between 30 and 50 million, in his attempt at an absolute totalitarian rule in Russia. By killing so many of the Russian’s who were the ones which the economy was supported on, Stalin has broken the nation of the Ukraine. From around 1936 through 1938 Stalin extracted his Great Terror. The Great Terror consisted of many events including the Purge Trials and the Katyn Massacre. During the purge trials, Stalin once again haltered Russian progress. The Purge Trials eliminated many military officers and engineers. The numbers are not exact, but between 250,000 to 500,000 Russians died because of Stalin’s orders. These trials caused mass paranoia of the elite’s, afraid to make a difference, for if they did then they would ultimately end up dead. Stalin not only haltered the growth of his own country, but he haltered the growth of neighboring counties, on being Poland. In Poland during the Great Terror, Stalin ordered the Katyn Massacre to occur. The top 15,000 officers in the Polish army were rounded up and killed in the forests of Belarus. This was a deep wound, the stunted the Polish progress, since now there were would be no more experienced leaders in Poland’s future, since Stalin killed most of their military elite. Once again Stalin had broken another nation. During all this time, Stalin was also methodically killing off all of his political opponents, or anyone who posed as to be the most remote of a threat to him. Unlike what Hitler thought of Stalin, the opposite is true. Stalin showed mercy to no one, he evil incarnate, killing innocent Russians and severely damaging any possible of future progress for Russia. Stalin had broken the Russian nation. How to cite Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, Essay examples

Metabical and TOMS case study free essay sample

Question 1 – How should Printup think about the segmentation of potential Metabical consumers? Who is the optimal target consumer? They should target women less than 65 especially (exhibit 2). They seem to be more aware than men to their weight. But most of the population (men and women) are now more conscious that losing weight is important for health. We can talk about normal customers including young and older ones. Those customers can be separated in two segments: Lose weight for health Lose weight only if it is easy 35% of normal customers want actively to lose weight and need help to do so. We can also say that younger women are more interested for losing weight to be pretty whereas older ones are interested because it is a way to be healthier. There is also the medical customer target. They can advise this drug to their patients. We’ve chosen normal customers and especially women as the optimal target for the reasons described previously. Question 2 – How should CSP identify and employ the differential advantages that Metabical offers to position itself in the market place? First, we can say that there wasn’t a lot of competition in the market at that time which represents an opportunity for CSP. Moreover, it is an easy way to lose weight, a key point that most of customers are looking for. More than that, there is a support program that CSP have developed to help and support people during their losing weight period. In addition, it is a cheaper drug than those which already exist on the market. Moreover, CSP want to make its product reimbursed as it is in order to improve people’s health so that people will not have to pay anymore for this drug. There is also the fact that there is a real social crisis in the US due to overweight and it is necessary to change things. People will be more aware to lose weight in order to avoid rejection from others. There is a real discrimination about overweight people. Question 3 – Given the positioning strategy you chose, what would be your communication strategy and IMC mix for each of your target audiences? Since Metabical is a new product, so they should let consumers know what they can do and what are their advantages. Maybe they can stress their safety and effectiveness in their advertisements. If the budget allows, they can give some sample sack to the people who tend to lose their weight, which I suppose can let them know the effect of Metabical clearly. As a company producing weight loss drug, they can put ads on health magazines, which can target people who are worrying about their obesity may influence their health. Promoting to the health care providers can also be a good choice for Metabical, because these people can recommend their products to the people coming to consult health situation. Furthermore, they may also creative a websites to promote their products. In this website, they can describe their products in detail and answer the questions from consumers. Because there are also a lot female using weight loss drug just for beauty. So maybe Metabical can establish a club to teach women how to make them become beautiful, like how to make up or how to wear properly. And In the process of teaching women, they can use their products as a support. In addition, since they should let consumers realize that losing weight is very difficult, but they can help them. So they can make ads on some sports magazines or programs that tell people if they try to lose weight only by sports or diet, it would be hard and time-consuming. In one word, Metabical should let their potential know that if people are unsatisfied with their weight, Metabical can help them. And they should also target those who care about their health or pursue beauty. Case study: TOMS: One for giving Model Question 1 – Discuss the growth of TOMS Shoes: its operating model uniqueness, product and brand awareness. Claire 1. Operating model uniqueness The operating model of TOMS is â€Å"One for One† operating model. That is for every pair of shoes sold a pair was given to a needy child through shoe drops in developing countries. TOMS formed shoe-giving partnerships with humanitarian organizations knowledgeable about the communities they operated in. Through these partnerships the communities that would benefit the most from the TOMS approach were identified. On seeing the many problems faced by the many communities TOMS worked with, TOMS decided to unleash the potential of the One for One model to address the other human needs that were still unmet. Later in 2011, TOMS launched its One for One line of eyewear. For each pair of glasses sold TOMS worked with qualified optometrist to provide better vision to people from underprivileged countries. TOMS wants to be more than just a shoe company, it’s a one-for-one company. 2. Product and brand awareness With the TOMS, customers can generate something for someone else while also advancing their own fashion. When customers purchase shoes, they can let TOMS finish out the final mile of their own good intentions. It is a model where the consumers can continue to reap satisfaction as the shoe gets worn. Hence the shoe drops or giveaways increased customer satisfaction and loyalty thus being the integral component of the company’s competitiveness. 3. Growth of TOMS Shoes The main reason behind the success of TOMS operating model was its focus on giving. The story behind the brand and its focus on giving made its customers as its marketer thus making it easy to retain good employees and attract good partners. Besides, the reason for the mushrooming growth of such startups was the social media which made it possible for social entrepreneurs such as TOMS to spread their message at a low-cost. Social media also enabled these entrepreneurs to enlist the help of their customers as their marketers. Question 2 – What would be the motives of customers for buying TOMS footwear? Analyse how TOMS model may create both positive and negative attitudes among customers.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A motive is a construct representing an unobservable inner force that stimulates and compels behavioural response and provide specific direction to that response.† Customers buying Toms’ shoes are moved by a hedonist motivation, which is doing something good for society, rather than an utilitarian motivation which could be buying safe wearing shoes. If we take a look at Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: buying a simple tennis shoes could be identified as a safety need whereas buying Toms’ shoes is a self-actualization need as customers are fulfilling a desire to be useful and helpful. It is helping them achieve their aspiration for being a better person. â€Å"Attitudes are associations between a given object and a given summary evaluation of the object; associations that can vary in strength and, hence, in their accessibility from memory.† Potential positive attitude toward TOMS: customers thinking that TOMS helps people who need the most (evaluation of TOMS). Those will be willing to buy TOMS shoes. Those will feel empowered by â€Å"consum’action†. Potential negative attitude toward TOMS: customers thinking that TOMS business is jeopardizing local producers of shoes and that he cashs in on poverty (marketing of poverty arising questions of ethics). Those will engage in negative WOM. TOMS shoes are seen to be too fashionable, those consumers feel to be brainwashed. Question 3 – Is TOMS a truly welfare venture profit or a profit motivated initiative in sheep’s clothes. Discuss and justify There are some critical advices about TOM Company. Some people perceived TOMS  as a profit-motivated initiative. In fact, by giving shoes to poor children local people remain dependent from external resources. From their point of view, TOMS initiative give to poor countries a short term solution to lift of poverty. As far as we are concerned, we think that TOM is a social welfare venture because of all these good initiatives in poor countries: - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Shoes distributing trips organized by TOM - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Partnership with humanitarian organization knowledgeable - ­Ã¢â‚¬  Repeatedly shoe distribution in poor area to provide shoe permanently to children In 2010 the company has distributed 1 million pair of shoes in Argentina, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Guatemala, Haiti, South Africa and the US. Moreover, TOMS shoes are made in Argentina, this is a source of job creation for the country. It helps Argentina development.

A Comparative Study of the Development of Ragtime free essay sample

Blues, work songs, ragtime, spirituals, and minstrel songs were, in their own ways, all part of the great Fractionation of American music that was originated by enslaved Africans in the southern United States. But the greatest of the musical forms developed In this process was jazzone of the major American contributions to world culture. Each of these forms of music made essential contributions to the development of Jazz Itself but each, more or less, retained Its own Integrity and none could be said to have been transformed into jazz.What differentiated Jazz from these earlier styles was the widespread use of improvisation, often by more than one player at a time. Jazz represented a break from Western musical traditions, where the composer wrote a piece of music on paper and the musicians then tried their best to play exactly what was in the score. In a Jazz piece, the song is often Just a starting point or frame of reference for the musicians to Improvise around. The song might have been a popular ditty or blues that they didnt compose, but by the time they were finished with it they had composed a new piece that often bore little resemblance to the original song.Many of these virtuoso musicians were not good sight readers and some could not read music at all, nevertheless their playing thrilled audiences and the spontaneous music they created captured a joy and sense of adventure that was an exciting and radical departure from the music of that time. The first Jazz was played by African-American and Creole musicians In New Orleans. The cornet player, Buddy Bolder Is generally considered to be the first real Jazz musician. Other early players included Freddie Sheppard, Bunk Johnson and Clarence Williams.Although these musicians names are unknown to most people, then and owe, their ideas are still being elaborated to this day. Most of these men could not make a living with their music and were forced to work menial Jobs to get by. Throughout the growth of Jazz music, various forms were created and developed In different geographic regions. Two very notable styles of Jazz music are Ragtime and Dixieland. TLS paper will analyze and explore the development of both Ragtime and Dixieland throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century. Ragtime rhythms appeared in print as early as the first half of the nineteenth century, but the first published ragtime piece is generally acknowledged to be Mississippi Rag, composed by William Krill in 1897. Later that same year, Tom Turnip became the first black composer to publish a ragtime composition with his work Harlem Rag. Both are well crafted and suggest that the ragtime style had been In Incubation for some time prior to their appearance. By the turn of the century, the ragtime craze was in full swing, so much so that highbrow critics felt compelled to attack it. Ragtimes days are numbered, declared Metronome magazine. We are sorry to hint that anyone should imagine that ragtime was of the least musical importance. It was a popular wave in the wrong direction. That same year, the American Federation musicians know what is good, and if the people dont, we will have to teach them. 1 In the midst of this rapid dissemination of a new musical style, the term rag invariably became both overused and misapplied, often being employed to denote a wide range of African-American musical idioms.Many pieces from this period use the word rag in their title while bearing little resemblance to what has come to be now as classic rag style, Just as many so-called blues compositions strayed, sometimes considerably, from the standard twelve-bar form. Nevertheless as the style evolved, ragtime developed into a structured four-theme form, with each melody typically encompassing sixteen bars. The most common form for these classic rag pieces was BACKED, with a modulation to a different key typically employed for the C theme.Although the published ragtime compositions came to include vocal works and band arrangements, this style reached its highest pitch as a f orm of solo piano music. In many ways, the spread of this Jubilant new music went hand in hand with the growing popularity of pianos in turn-of-the-century American households. Between 1890 and 1909, total piano production in the United States grew from under 100,000 instruments per year to over 350,000and it is worth noting that 1909 marked the peak level not only in American piano production, but also in the number of ragtime pieces published.By 1911, a staggering 295 separate companies manufacturing pianos had set up operations in the United States, with another 69 businesses producing piano supplies. During this same period, player pianos increasingly made their way into homes and gathering places. In 1897, the same year that witnessed the publication of the first ragtime piece, the Angelus cabinet player piano, the first such instrument to use a pneumatic push-up device to depress the keys, was released to an enthusiastic marketplace. By 1919 player pianos constituted over half the output of the U. S. Piano industry. These two powerful trends, the spread of pianos into American households and the growing popularity of mechanical player pianos, helped spur the enormous public demand or ragtime music during the early years of the twentieth century. This unprecedented outpouring of ragtime artistry was centered, to a striking degree, in a fairly small geographical area. Just as the rural blues blossomed in the atmosphere of the Mississippi Delta, and as early Jazz would later flourish in the environs of New Orleans, so early ragtime reached its zenith in turn-of-the-century Missouri. The cities of Saddles, Cartage, and SST.Louis, among others, boasted a glittering array of rag composers, as well as an ambitious group of music publishers who recognized the extraordinary body of talent at hand. In Saddles, a booming railroad town that almost became the state capital, Scott Joplin gathered a cadre of promising rag composers around him, including his students Scott Hayden and Arthur Marshall. Saddles mu sic publisher John Stark, a major advocate for ragtime in general and Joplin in particular, proved to be an important catalyst in bringing the work of these local composers to the attention of the broader public. Stark, Joplin, and Hayden eventually moved to SST. Louis, another major center of rag activity during these glory years. The local composers here included Louis Chauvinism, an exceptionally talented dative of the city who left behind all too few compositions, as well as Tom Turnip and Artier Matthews. In Cartage, Missouri, James Scott created a number of outstanding where Scott worked. With the exception of Joseph Lamb, a white composer from Montclair, New Jersey, virtually all the leading exponents of the classic rag style made their home, at one point or another, in Missouri.Scott Joplin stands out as the greatest of these composers. While others may have written rags that were more technically demanding or boasted more striking novelty effects, none could approach he structural elegance, the melodic inventiveness, or the unflagging commitment to artistry that characterized Joplin major works. Nor would any other rag composer match Joplin ambitions for the musicambitions that led to the composition of two operas, a ballet, and other works that squarely challenged the lowbrow reputation of the rag idiom.Although his more daring works never gained the acceptance, at least during his lifetime, that Joplin craved, his reputation stands out today all the more due to the high standards to which he aspired. Joplin was born in Texans, Texas, n November 24, 1868. His father, the former slave Giles Joplin, had played the violin for house parties given by the local slave-owner in the days before the Emancipation Proclamation, while his mother, Florence Givens Joplin, sang and played the banjo.The banjo may have had a particular impact on Coots musical sensibilities: the syncopated rhythms of nineteenth-century African-American banjo music are clear predecessors of the later piano rag style. While Scott was still in his youth, his father left the family, and his mother was forced to rely on domestic work to support her six hillier. Joplin exhibited his affinity for the keyboard at an early age. He often accompanied his mother to the houses where she worked and would play and improvise on the piano while she went about her chores.By his teens, Joplin had established himself as a professional pianist, with opportunities to play at churches, clubs, and social gatherings in the border area of Texas and Arkansas. Later he became involved in teaching music as well as in singing with a vocal quintet that performed widely in the region. During this period, Joplin made his first attempts at composition. At some point in the mid-sass, Joplin moved to SST. Louis, where he earned his livelihood primarily as a pianist, both as a soloist in saloons and other nightspots as well as with a band.The ensemble work gave Joplin an opportunity to develop the skills in arranging that would later reach their pinnacle in orchestrations for his two operas. Joplin made his home in SST. Louis for almost a decade, but he traveled widely during these years. At some point in the mid-sass, Joplin settled down in Saddles, where he eventually began studying harmony and composition at the nearby George R. Smith College for Negroes. Around 1897, Joplin wrote the Maple Leaf Rag, a composition that would soon become the most famous ragtime piece of its day.It wasnt until two years later that John Stark published the work, and in the first year only four hundred copies were sold. But in the fall of 1900, the Maple Leaf Rag caught on with the general public, eventually becoming the first piece of sheet music to sell more than one million copies. This figure is all the more stunning when one realizes that there were fewer than 100,000 professional musicians and music teachers in the United States at the time. Amateur pianists, for their part, must have found it anything but easy to navigate the technical and rhythmic difficulties of Joplin celebrated rag.However, many purchased the sheet music and labored over its intricate syncopation. Joplin career produced a plethora Civil War period [1861-65], African-Americans in the south were freed from slavery. In New Orleans, many blacks began forming bands and played for many occasions, such as church and lodge events, parades, picnics, celebrations, and funerals. They played much the way they had sungusing the African natural vocal style with employ rhythmic structures. By the sass, small bands of 5 to 8 players were being formed and Dixieland Jazz was launched. Usually these bands consisted of three solo instruments and a rhythm section. The solo instruments included the cornet or trumpet, the clarinet, and the trombone. The cornet usually played the main melody of the piece, the clarinet wove an improvised second part above the cornet part (usually in a faster rhythm), and the trombone added slides for rhythmic drive. The syncopation and rhythmic independence of the melodic instruments created a ravenous sense of excitement. This use of three different parts is an example of polyphony, mentioned in the first section of this curriculum guide.The rhythm section clearly marked the beat and provided a background of chords to support the three solo instruments. This section usually consisted of a banjo or guitar, drums, a tuba, and sometimes a piano. String bass and the saxophone were later added during the sasss. The tunes of New Orleans Jazz were usually based on well known pieces such as marches, church melodies, ragtime pieces, popular songs, or specially the 12-bar blues. The Jazz bands rarely used written music; in fact, most of the musicians were self-taught and could not read music. A new player was told, Just listen awhile, then play what you feel. Like folk music, this type of Jazz was handed down through an aural / oral tradition, not by a written one. There was a set formula for playing Dixieland. One or more choruses of collective improvisation generally occurred at the beginning and the end of a piece, called Jamming. In between, individual players were featured in improvised solos, accompanied by the withy section or by the whole band. Sometimes there were brief unaccompanied solos, called breaks. The bands performance might begin with an introduction and end with a brief coda, or tag.Often these bands marched through the city of New Orleans, or rode in horse-drawn wagons with advertising strips on each side (the bands played to attract attention to the advertising). The band, particularly the three solo instruments, were called the front line. People attracted to the band would walk in front of, along side, or behind the band. They were called the second line. Usually the trombone player sat in the rear of the wagon on the open tailgate, facing backwards, so he would not bump into other players with the slide part of the instrument.The terms tailgate slide and tailgate trombone come from this way of sitting in the wagon. The term Dixieland became widely used after the advent of the first million-selling hit records of the Original Dixieland Sass Band in 1917. The music has been played continuously since the early part of the 20th century. Louis Armstrongs All-stars was the band most popularly identified with Dixieland, although Armstrongs own influence runs through all of Jazz. Many Dixieland groups consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier.Other musicians continued to create innovative performances and original new tunes. Some fans of post bebop Jazz consider Dixieland to no longer be a vital part of Jazz, while some adherents consider music in the traditional style, when well and creatively played, is jazz is the first indigenous American style to affect music in the rest of the World. From the beat of ragtime syncopation and driving brass bands to soaring gospel hours mixed with field hollers and the deep down growl of the blues, Jazzs many roots are celebrated almost everywhere in the United States.Throughout the years jazz has developed and changed in various ways but still holds true to its roots. From the inception of the idea of Jazz various forms of this style of music were derived. Two very significant of these fundamental forms are ragtime and Dixieland. During the late 19th Century and early 20th Century these two sectors of Jazz developed and are still well appreciated and utilized in the music society of today.

Gender, Race and Gangs free essay sample

In much of social science research, gender, race, class, and other dimensions of identity are treated as discrete variables, to be studied and measured separately. In recent years, however, feminist sociological theorists have argued that race, gender, class, and other axes of identity must be treated as overlapping and intersecting forms of oppression. Kimberle Crenshaw, (1989) was among the first to articulate this theory, and coined the term â€Å"intersectionality† to describe it. Intersectionality has emerged as a major paradigm of research in women’s studies (McCall 2005). In her book Black Feminist Thought, Patricia Hill Collins argues that we must understand â€Å"race, class, and gender as interlocking systems of oppression† (Collins 1990: 553). Intersectionality has also been used to understand the experiences of other women of color (e. g. , Crenshaw 1991). Intersectionality has tremendous potential to yield insights into the experiences of women in gangs, who are likely to be poor and minorities. Furthermore, the fact that the concept of intersectionality has proved useful in studies of women in other areas of criminology shows that intersectionality will likely yield insights into female gang members. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender, Race and Gangs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our research, therefore, will interview female gang members of different races to attempt to answer the question of how intersecting gendered and racialized identities affect the lives of women in gangs. Our paper will provide and overview of the existing literature on race, gender, and gangs. We will argue that an intersectional analysis of race and gender in gang life is needed to fill a gap in the literature and to fully understand how these dimensions of identity affect gang life. Next, we will outline our proposed methodology for studying the intersectionality of gender and race in gangs. Finally, we will summarize what can be learned form our proposed study and why this knowledge is essential to better understand gang life. Literature Review Though gangs are often considered a male phenomenon, research shows that women and girls are also involved in gangs. Researchers estimate that young women account for 20 percent to 46 percent of gang members (Miller and Brunson 2000). Until recently, scholars have largely neglected female participation in gangs, believing that female participation was â€Å"statistically rare and the behavior substantively unimportant† (Esbensen and Deschenes 1998: 799). Often it was assumed that girls participated in gangs only as sex objects or at most ancillary members (Esbensen and Deschenes 1998). Recent work on the subject of women and gangs, however, has demonstrated that girls’ involvement with gangs goes beyond the roles of simply the â€Å"tomboy† or sex object. Women’s reasons for joining gangs, and the roles they fill within their gangs, vary widely. According to Esbensen and Deschenes (1998), there are factors that increase the likelihood of gang involvement that are specific to females alone. These include subordination to males, future as a housewife occupied with â€Å"meaningless domestic behavior,† responsibility for children, fear of abuse, exposure to violence, and social isolation, which all increase girls’ likelihood of joining gangs (Esbensen and Deschenes 1998). Similarly, based on in-depth interviews with female gang members from the greater Detroit area, Taylor (1993) argues that the â€Å"feminization of poverty† and the disenfranchisement, social isolation, and neglect of poor women (especially black women) has led to greater gang involvement. Strain created by these factors encourages women to turn to gangs and drugs as the only avenue available for them to achieve. The general oppression of women in American society, Taylor argues, adds to this strain. Esbensen and Deschenes (1999) also find that risk factors differ for males and females. For women but not for men, commitment to academic achievement decreased the risk of becoming involved in violent crime while in a gang. The experiences of female gang members within their gangs are also different than the experiences of their male counterparts. Through in-depth interviews with 20 female gang members in Columbus, Ohio, Miller (1998) found that women often have difficulty being accepted as gang members. Many attempt to show â€Å"masculine† leadership qualities, such as being tough, able to fight, and being willing to engage in criminal acts for the gangs. Beliefs that women are weaker than men, however, mean that women have a harder time proving their commitment to the gang. Nevertheless, women might also gain acceptance through connections to influential, high-status men – a route to acceptance that is less available to men (Miller 1998). Women’s participation in crime within the gang is also different from men’s. Though girls are involved in less serious forms of delinquency, gang boys are still more likely to be involved in the most serious forms of crime, such as drive-by shootings and gun assaults. This is due both to the deliberate exclusion of girls from these types of crimes and the fact that young women themselves often use gender as means of avoiding crimes they find dangerous or morally dubious (Miller and Brunson 2000). The lesser involvement of girls in more serious forms of crime, however, can lead to the devaluation and mistreatment of female gang members because they are perceived as less valuable to the gang. Female gang members are also more likely to be sexually mistreated than male gang members (Miller 1998). Given these facts, it is not surprising that female gang members are more likely to experience social isolation and low self-esteem than males (Esbensen and Deschenes 1998). Overall, the literature on gender and gangs clearly demonstrates that the experiences of gang life differ for males and females. There is also some research that demonstrates that the experiences of gang members also differ by race. For example, white youth are significantly less likely than any other ethnic group to become involved in gangs (Esbesen and Deschenes 1998). The 1998 National Youth Gang Survey estimated that nationwide, gang membership was 46 percent Hispanic and 34 percent African American (Rosenthal 2000). In a study of homicides in Chicago from 1990 to 1994, African American males were sixteen times more likely to be charged with gang-related homicide than white males, and Hispanic males were thirteen times more likely to be charged with gang-related homicide than non-minority males (Rosenthal 2000). While this may be due in part to a greater proportion of gang membership among African Americans and Hispanics, it could also be a result of bias in the criminal justice system and in media representations that emphasize the criminality of minorities. Both media and criminologists focus on black-on-black street crimes while downplaying similar crimes committed by Caucasians (Covington 1995). Race can also affect the types of crimes gangs are likely to be involved in (Shay 1998). Reviewing the literature on youth gangs, Howell (1998) found that African American gangs are usually affiliated with the drug trade. Hispanics put more emphasis on their territory and frequently become involved in turf wars. Caucasian and Asian gangs are mostly involved in property crimes. However, Pih et al. (2008) found many similarities in types of crimes committed, regardless of race. Looking at surveys and interviews of Latino gangs in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and Taiwanese gangs in Southern California, Pih et al. find that, despite some minor racial differences in crimes committed, most respondents of both races engaged in similar types of crimes: gun fights, drug sales, drug use, auto theft, robbery, and burglary. Latinos, however, are less able to leave gang membership than Taiwanese gang members. This is because Latinos generally had lower education and therefore fewer opportunities for legitimate work outside of the gang. Latinos also had less social capital because their parents tended to be unemployed. Overall, because â€Å"unavailability and inaccessibility to legitimate economic, cultural, and social capital left the Latino respondents little change in advancing in normative institutions and processes. Illicit activities became an attractive, if not the only, option† (Pih et al. 2008: 490). This demonstrates how differing racial identities impact gang membership. Over the past 20 years there has been an emergence of hybrid gangs: non-traditional gangs that are composed of at least two different races/ethnic groups. According to research done in 2000, hybrid gangs account for 36 percent of gang types. Hybrid gangs are less involved in the drug market and turf wars; the members are also less likely to be involved in serious violent and property crimes. These gangs typically have more Caucasians, girls, and younger members than normal gangs (Starbuck, Howell, Linquist 2001). Though it is clear that both race and gender affect gang life, there has been little research on how racial and gender identities intersect and affect the experiences of gang members. However, this question has been investigated in other areas of criminology. In her book Sexed Work, Lisa Maher, presenting data obtained from interviews with female drug users in Bushwick, Brooklyn, shows how multiple dimensions of identity, including race, gender, class, and ethnicity, intersect to produce segregation in drug markets and sex work (Maher 1997). For example, though Latino men dominate the drug markets in Bushwick, Latina women are generally excluded from the most profitable jobs in the drug economy because of gendered cultural expectations for the proper roles of Latinas (Maher 1997). Maher argues for the importance of intersectional analysis in her study of the Bushwick Drug economy. The social sciences, Maher argues, tend to view race and gender as discrete and independent variables (as is clear from the literature on girls and gangs). Maher, however, maintains that it more useful to look at these dimensions of identity and interdependent and multiple. She demonstrates this approach by showing how inter-racial tensions and intra-gender conflicts among female drug users fostered the social isolation and occupational segregation of female drug users. For instance, because Latina sex workers tended to engage in less formal forms of prostitution, they were often resented by African American and white sex workers. This tension prohibited the formation of beneficial social networks and worsened competition in the sex trade (Maher 1997). Miller and Brunson (2006) also investigate the interaction of race and gender through surveys and interviews of 75 African American youth in St. Louis, Missouri. Miller and Brunson found that African American males were more likely than African American women to report mistreatment by the police. African American females, however, were more likely than African American men to be stopped for curfew violations, confirming research suggesting that the police are likely to treat girls more harshly for minor or status offences (Miller and Brunson 2006). Young black women also complained about police responsiveness in cases of violence against women (Miller and Brunson 2006). Some women also expressed concerns about sexual violence committed by the police (Miller and Brunson 2006). Thus, though previous research has demonstrated that African Americans in general are more likely than Caucasians to be treated harshly by the police, this treatment plays out in distinctly gendered ways (Miller and Brunson 2006). Despite the fact that studies of intersectionality have yielded interesting insights in other studies of gender, race, and crime, there has been little research done on intersectionality in gang life. As we have seen, the literature on girls and gangs tends to focus on either race or gender. Joe and Chesney-Lind (1995) do examine how gang members in Hawaii respond to challenges facing them in ways affected by gender and ethnicity, but there is little focus on the interaction of gender and ethnicity. This is a gap in the literature that ought to and must be filled. Treating gender and race as discrete variables within the context of gang life obscures the ways in which these dimensions of identity function as â€Å"interlocking systems of oppression† (Collins 1990: 553). As Kimberle Crenshaw argues, â€Å"because the intersectional experience is greater than the sum of racism and sexism, any analysis that does not take intersectionality into account cannot sufficiently address the particular manner in which Black women [and undoubtedly other women of color] are subordinated† (Crenshaw 1989: 140). Because race and gender are not merely separate and additive, we must examine the ways that these variables intersect and produce racialized and gendered hierarchies in order to fully understand the experiences of women of color.

Scholarship Essay - Texas A&M University essays

Scholarship Essay - Texas A&M University essays Throughout my life, people have always compared our house to a jungle. I have never understood why...after all, like every other American family, ours consists of a husband and wife, three glorious children, seven Rhodesian Ridgebacks, one stray cat, and fifteen Romognola cows. This is normal...right? Even I can answer this...NO! Yes, the rumors are true, and quite frankly, I am not ashamed. I am honored to be part of such a diverse group of family members. They have each helped me form my ultimate life-long goal of becoming a small-animal veterinarian or specialist. Since I was young, animals have never failed to captivate my interest. I have always been fascinated with their minds and bodies, and often find myself watching Animal Planet or reading the newest information on the TAMU College of Veterinary Medicine website on Saturday nights (humorous, I know). I try to do anything to gain a better understanding of my desired field of study. In my summer and free time, I have dedicated numerous hours of volunteer work to shelters and clinics throughout Texas and in Edgartown, Massachusetts where my mother lives. I devote my time to such activities because I truly believe that I could make a difference in the way people view and appreciate animals. I feel that by obtaining knowledge and giving my time to this area will only help me achieve my ultimate goal of becoming a practitioner. I feel that I am different from many individuals who plan on taking their education to the next level, in that I have already paved a road for the long journey. Many students have the desire to obtain some sort of higher education but are not sure in which direction they wish to go. I am honored to have a direction that I know I can make a difference in and that I will enjoy. Although my desire and perseverance continue to persist, I know that I have a lot to learn when I begin attending Texas A&M in the fall. One of the most intimidating aspects abo...